Dr. Bob's Pet Health Information

Canine Health / Genetics

Dog Conditions and Genetic Variants: S–Z

Evidence-graded definitions and genetic-test interpretation.

Entries on this page

"Swimmers"

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Characterized by inability to stand at 4-6 weeks of age and flattened chest.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier, Bulldog, English Cocker Spaniel, Pekingese

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Salivary gland necrosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Jack Russell Terrier

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Schistosomus reflexes

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bulldog

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Schnauzer comedo syndrome

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Comedo - from acranial to tail head.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Miniature Schnauzer

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Scleral ectasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Australian Shepherd

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Scottie cramp

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Recessive.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Scottish Terrier

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Scrotal and inguinal hernias

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Protrusion of abdominal contents through the inguinal canal.
How it occurs or is acquired
Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Sebaceous adenitis

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Akita, Poodle — Standard variety, Vizsla

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001563-9615 — Sebaceous adenitis

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Sebaceous cyst

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Keeshond

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Sebaceous cysts

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Otterhound, Samoyed

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Seborrhea

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Giant Schnauzer, Norwegian Elkhound

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Seborrhea, primary

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basset Hound, Cocker Spaniel, English Cocker Spaniel, English Springer Spaniel, German Shepherd Dog, Irish Setter, Labrador Retriever, West Highland White Terrier

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Secondary glaucoma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Optic nerve and retinal damage associated with pathologically increased intraocular pressure.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cairn Terrier, Sealyham Terrier

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Secondary glaucoma, lens luxation

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Optic nerve and retinal damage associated with pathologically increased intraocular pressure.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cardigan Welsh Corgi

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Secondary glaucoma; luxating lens

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Optic nerve and retinal damage associated with pathologically increased intraocular pressure.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Manchester Terrier

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Seizures

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Ibizan Hound

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Senile cataract

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Opacity of the lens that can impair vision; inherited and non-inherited forms occur.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Sensory neuropathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A neurologic disorder affecting peripheral nerves or the spinal cord, depending on the specific diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pointer

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Sensory neuropathy (longhairs)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A neurologic disorder affecting peripheral nerves or the spinal cord, depending on the specific diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund

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Sertoli cell tumor

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A neoplastic disorder affecting the tissue named in this entry; behavior and treatment depend on tumor type and stage.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed-associated cancer risk may have a heritable component, but most such risk is complex and not explained by one causal variant.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Miniature Schnauzer

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Short Skull

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Brussels Griffon, Bulldog

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Short spine

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000911-9615 — Short spine

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Shoulder dysplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Abnormal development or formation of the named tissue or structure.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

Back to the glossary index

Shoulder lameness

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

Back to the glossary index

Shoulder subluxation and luxation

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Abnormal displacement or instability of the named joint or structure.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dandie Dinmont Terrier

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Sialocele

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Sick sinus syndrome

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cocker Spaniel, Dachshund, Miniature Schnauzer, Pomeranian

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Silica uroliths

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

Back to the glossary index

Sinoatrial syncope

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Miniature Schnauzer

Back to the glossary index

Sinus arrhythmia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer

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Skin disease- lack of pigment

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Miniature Pinscher

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Skin fold intertrigo

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basset Hound

Back to the glossary index

Skin neoplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A neoplastic disorder affecting the tissue named in this entry; behavior and treatment depend on tumor type and stage.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed-associated cancer risk may have a heritable component, but most such risk is complex and not explained by one causal variant.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cocker Spaniel

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Skin problems

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Komondor

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Skye hepatitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Skye Terrier

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Slipped patella

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Instability or displacement of the kneecap, usually medial or lateral, that may cause intermittent or persistent lameness.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Great Pyrenees

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Solar dermatitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inflammation of the skin; the underlying cause may be allergic, infectious, immune-mediated or structural.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bull Terrier, Dalmatian

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Solar dermatitis (white dogs)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inflammation of the skin; the underlying cause may be allergic, infectious, immune-mediated or structural.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer

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Solar dermatosis (Harlequin)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A skin disorder causing inflammation, scaling, hair loss, pruritus or other cutaneous abnormalities depending on the specific condition.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Great Dane

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Spermatogenic arrest with azoospermia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Welsh Springer Spaniel

Back to the glossary index

Spiculosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Kerry Blue Terrier

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Spina bifida

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital failure of normal closure of the vertebral arches, with severity ranging from occult defects to exposed neural tissue.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000933-9615 — Spina bifida

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Spinal dysraphism

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Begins at 4-6 weeks of age.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Vizsla, Weimaraner

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000938-9615 — Spinal dysraphism

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Spinaliomas

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Miniature Schnauzer

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Spinning syndrome

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Form of epilepsy.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bull Terrier

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Splayleg

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Motor disorder.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Scottish Terrier

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Spleen torsion

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Saint Bernard

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Spondylolisthesis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
"Wobbler syndrome".
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Great Dane

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Spondylolisthesis (Wobblers Syndrome)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Anterior ventral canal is narrower than the posterior canal in the dorsoventral direction between C3 and C7.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Doberman Pinscher

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Spondylosis deformity

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer

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Squamous cell carcinoma -- Black Standard Poodles

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A neoplastic disorder affecting the tissue named in this entry; behavior and treatment depend on tumor type and stage.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed-associated cancer risk may have a heritable component, but most such risk is complex and not explained by one causal variant.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Standard variety

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Staphylococcus dermatitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inflammation of the skin; the underlying cause may be allergic, infectious, immune-mediated or structural.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chinese Shar-Pei

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Stenotic nares

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier, Bulldog, Chinese Shar-Pei

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Sterile pyogranuloma syndrome

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer, Dachshund, Dogue de Bordeaux, English Bulldog, Golden Retriever, Vizsla, Weimaraner

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Sternal callus

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer, Dachshund

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Stockard's paralysis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Preganglionic sympathetic degeneration.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Great Dane, Saint Bernard

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Storage disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Silky Terrier

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Strabismus

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier, German Shorthaired Pointer

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Stress induced diarrhea

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Subaortic Stenosis

Evidence status: Current OMIA inherited-phenotype record matched; molecular definition may be incomplete

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Fixed narrowing below the aortic valve that obstructs left ventricular outflow.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Newfoundland

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000952-9615 — Subaortic stenosis

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Subcorneal pustular dermatosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A skin disorder causing inflammation, scaling, hair loss, pruritus or other cutaneous abnormalities depending on the specific condition.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Miniature Schnauzer

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Subcutaneous cysts

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Wirehaired Pointer, Norwegian Elkhound

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Summer eczema

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Norwich Terrier

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Sunburn

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chinese Crested

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Superficial corneal erosion

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Superficial corneal erosion (Boxer ulcer)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer

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Swollen hock syndrome

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chinese Shar-Pei

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Syringomyelia

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Multifactorial. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Vizsla

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000965-9615 — Syringomyelia

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Systemic lupus erythematosus

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Multifactorial. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Collie, German Shepherd Dog, Shetland Sheepdog

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000968-9615 — Systemic lupus erythematosus

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Tail fold intertrigo

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier, English Bulldog

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Tail injury

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Irish Wolfhound

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Tarsal fistulae

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Temperament problems

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Puli

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Tetralogy of Fallot

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A congenital combination of pulmonic stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta and right ventricular hypertrophy.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Multifactorial. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000994-9615 — Tetralogy of Fallot

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Thrombocytopathy

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Moderate to severe bleeding diathesis.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: American Foxhound

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001002-9615 — Thrombocytopathy

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Thrombocytopathy, platelet function defect

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Moderate to severe bleeding diathesis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shorthaired Pointer

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Thyroid Dysfunction (hypothyroidism most commonly seen)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Reduced thyroid hormone production, most often due to acquired thyroid gland disease in adult dogs.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen

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Thyroid imbalance

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Spinone Italiano

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Thyroid problem

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Scottish Terrier

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Tonsil enlargement

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cocker Spaniel

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Torsion of lung

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basset Hound

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Torsion of the lung

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Scottish Deerhound

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Torsion of the spleen

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Scottish Deerhound

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Tracheal collapse

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Decreased rigidity.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pomeranian, Silky Terrier, Yorkshire Terrier

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Trembling of hindquarters

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Seen in animals over 6 months.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Airedale Terrier

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Tremors in head and limbs

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
First noticed at 2-8 weeks.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bernese Mountain Dog

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Trichiasis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Abnormal direction of normal lashes.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chihuahua, Cocker Spaniel, Dalmatian, Pekingese, Pomeranian, Pug, Shih Tzu

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Trichiasis (upper lateral cilia)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Kerry Blue Terrier

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Tricuspid valve disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever, Old English Sheepdog, Weimaraner

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Tricuspid valve dysplasia

Evidence status: Current OMIA inherited-phenotype record matched; molecular definition may be incomplete

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Abnormal development or formation of the named tissue or structure.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001345-9615 — Tricuspid valve dysplasia

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Tubular transport dysfunction

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Hereditary nephropathy.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dalmatian, Irish Terrier

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Tumor primarily of histiocytes

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A neoplastic disorder affecting the tissue named in this entry; behavior and treatment depend on tumor type and stage.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed-associated cancer risk may have a heritable component, but most such risk is complex and not explained by one causal variant.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer

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Uberreiter's syndrome

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Degenerative pannus.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Ulcer conditions of apocrine glands

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Shetland Sheepdog

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Ulcerative colitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Skye Terrier

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Umbilical hernia

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Protrusion of abdominal contents or fat through an incompletely closed umbilical ring.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000465-9615 — Hernia, umbilical

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Undershot jaw

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Abnormal relative growth of the mandible.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chinese Shar-Pei, Clumber Spaniel, Lakeland Terrier, Weimaraner

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Unilateral kidney aplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Absence of one kidney with compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining kidney.
How it occurs or is acquired
Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Ununited anconeal process

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund, Kerry Blue Terrier, Labrador Retriever, Lakeland Terrier, Newfoundland, Weimaraner

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Uric acid stones

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dalmatian

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Urinary calculi

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cocker Spaniel, Lhasa Apso, Scottish Terrier

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Urolithiasis

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pug

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001033-9615 — Urolithiasis

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Uterine inertia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Black and Tan Coonhound, Bloodhound, Clumber Spaniel

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Uterine leiomyomas

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Uveitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Siberian Husky

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Uveodermatologic Syndrome

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Akita, Dachshund, Saint Bernard, Samoyed, Shetland Sheepdog, Shiba Inu, Siberian Husky

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Vaginal hyperplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer, Bulldog, Bullmastiff, Mastiff

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Vaginal prolapse

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Spinone Italiano

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Vascular anomaly with compression of the esophagus

Preferred term: Vascular ring anomaly.

This historical label is retained as a searchable synonym so older breed links and bookmarks continue to work.

Vascular compression of esophagus

Preferred term: Vascular ring anomaly.

This historical label is retained as a searchable synonym so older breed links and bookmarks continue to work.

Vascular compression of the esophagus

Preferred term: Vascular ring anomaly.

This historical label is retained as a searchable synonym so older breed links and bookmarks continue to work.

Vascular ring anomaly

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Genetically transmitted.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier

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Vasculitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Vizsla

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Vasculitis (idiopathic)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund

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Ventricular septal defect

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital opening between the right and left ventricles.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Multifactorial. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001041-9615 — Ventricular septal defect

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Vitiligo

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Asymptomatic depigmentation disease of the skin, mucosa and haircoat.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Belgian Sheepdog, Doberman Pinscher, German Shepherd Dog, Rottweiler

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001055-9615 — Vitiligo

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Vitreous Degeneration

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Italian Greyhound

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 002409-9615 — Vitreous degeneration

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Von Willebrand's disease

Preferred term: von Willebrand disease.

This historical label is retained as a searchable synonym so older breed links and bookmarks continue to work.

Von Willebrand's disease, pseudohemophilia, vascular hemophilia

Preferred term: von Willebrand disease.

This historical label is retained as a searchable synonym so older breed links and bookmarks continue to work.

Von Willebrand disease (pseudohemophilia; vascular hemophilia)

Preferred term: von Willebrand disease.

This historical label is retained as a searchable synonym so older breed links and bookmarks continue to work.

Waterline disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

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Wheat-sensitive enteropathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Irish Setter

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Wobbler's syndrome

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Spondylolisthesis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Old English Sheepdog

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Wrinkle dermatitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inflammation of the skin; the underlying cause may be allergic, infectious, immune-mediated or structural.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bulldog

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Wry mouth

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Yeast dermatitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inflammation of the skin; the underlying cause may be allergic, infectious, immune-mediated or structural.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Shetland Sheepdog, Silky Terrier

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Zinc responsive dermatosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A skin disorder causing inflammation, scaling, hair loss, pruritus or other cutaneous abnormalities depending on the specific condition.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Alaskan Malamute, Bull Terrier, Siberian Husky

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Thrombopathia — American Eskimo Dog type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: American Eskimo Dog

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von Willebrand disease type 1

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited primary hemostatic disorder caused by quantitative or qualitative abnormalities of von Willebrand factor.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
The detected variant may identify an at-risk genotype only in breeds and lineages for which it has been validated. The laboratory classification, zygosity, penetrance and clinical phenotype must be reviewed.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Barbet, Bernese Mountain Dog, Cairn Terrier, Carolina Dog, Coton de Tulear, Doberman Pinscher, English Toy Spaniel, Kerry Blue Terrier, Manchester Terrier, Pembroke Welsh Corgi, Pomeranian, Poodle — Standard variety, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties, Pug, West Highland White Terrier

Breed-evidence source: AKC Breed-Specific DNA Testing Recommendations

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001057-9615 — Von Willebrand disease I

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Thrombopathia — Basset Hound type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basset Hound

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X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency — Basset Hound type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basset Hound

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Trapped neutrophil syndrome

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Border Collie

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001428-9615 — Trapped Neutrophil Syndrome

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Sensory neuropathy — Border Collie type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Border Collie

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Spongiform leukoencephalomyelopathy (SLEM)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Border Terrier

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Subaortic stenosis / aortic stenosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current parent-club screening guidance identifies this as a breed health concern, but a single causal variant is not necessarily known.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer

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Tracheal hypoplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current parent-club screening guidance identifies this as a breed health concern, but a single causal variant is not necessarily known.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bulldog, English Bulldog

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Skin-fold dermatitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature and/or breed-health programs support a meaningful breed association. The mechanism may be complex, conformational, polygenic or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bulldog, English Bulldog

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X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency — Corgi type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cardigan Welsh Corgi, Pembroke Welsh Corgi

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Shar-Pei autoinflammatory disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Breed-associated autoinflammatory syndrome linked to increased hyaluronan production and genetic risk near HAS2; fever and inflammatory complications may occur.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature and/or breed-health programs support a meaningful breed association. The mechanism may be complex, conformational, polygenic or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chinese Shar-Pei

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Shar-Pei autoinflammatory disease / familial Shar-Pei fever risk

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Breed-associated autoinflammatory syndrome linked to increased hyaluronan production and genetic risk near HAS2; fever and inflammatory complications may occur.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chinese Shar-Pei

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Urate urolithiasis / hyperuricosuria

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Increased urinary uric acid excretion that predisposes to urate urinary stones; the classic Dalmatian form is associated with SLC2A9.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dalmatian

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001032-9615 — Urolith, urate

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von Willebrand disease type 1 — VWF-associated

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited primary hemostatic disorder caused by quantitative or qualitative abnormalities of von Willebrand factor.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
The detected variant may identify an at-risk genotype only in breeds and lineages for which it has been validated. The laboratory classification, zygosity, penetrance and clinical phenotype must be reviewed.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Doberman Pinscher, German Pinscher, Manchester Terrier

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001057-9615 — Von Willebrand disease I

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Shoulder disease / osteochondrosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current AKC parent-club health guidance identifies this as a breed screening priority; a single causal variant is not necessarily known.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dogue de Bordeaux

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von Willebrand disease

Evidence status: Current OMIA inherited-phenotype record matched; molecular definition may be incomplete

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Pinscher, Scottish Terrier

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001056-9615 — Von Willebrand disease, generic

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von Willebrand disease type 2 — VWF-associated

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
The detected variant may identify an at-risk genotype only in breeds and lineages for which it has been validated. The laboratory classification, zygosity, penetrance and clinical phenotype must be reviewed.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Wirehaired Pointer

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001339-9615 — Von Willebrand disease II

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Shoulder osteochondrosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current parent-club/OFA health guidance identifies this as a breed screening priority; a single causal variant is not necessarily known.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Greater Swiss Mountain Dog

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Spinocerebellar ataxia with myokymia/seizures — KCNJ10-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited neurologic disorder causing progressive ataxia and, in some affected dogs, myokymia or seizures.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or breed-relevant test is documented in current canine genetic references. Identification does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Jack Russell Terrier

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Skeletal dysplasia 2

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited disproportionate short-limb skeletal phenotype recognized in Labrador Retrievers.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or breed-relevant test is documented in current canine genetic references. Identification does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever, Sussex Spaniel

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Stargardt disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited retinal degeneration resembling human Stargardt disease, causing progressive central retinal dysfunction.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or breed-relevant test is documented in current canine genetic references. Identification does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

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Serum bile acids / congenital portosystemic vascular anomaly screening

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current parent-club/OFA guidance identifies this as a breed screening priority; screening does not by itself establish a single-gene cause.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Maltese

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Xanthinuria type II

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited purine-metabolism disorder that can cause xanthine urinary stones.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Manchester Terrier

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001819-9615 — Xanthinuria, type II

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Spondylocostal dysostosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A breed-related variant or DNA test is documented in current canine genetic references; this does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Miniature Schnauzer

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von Willebrand disease type III — Kooikerhondje type

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Severe autosomal recessive von Willebrand factor deficiency causing a marked bleeding tendency.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
The detected variant may identify an at-risk genotype only in breeds and lineages for which it has been validated. The laboratory classification, zygosity, penetrance and clinical phenotype must be reviewed.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Nederlandse Kooikerhondje

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001058-9615 — Von Willebrand disease III

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Thrombopathia — Newfoundland type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A breed-related variant or DNA test is documented in current canine genetic references; this does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Newfoundland

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Urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature and/or breed-health guidance supports a meaningful breed association; the mechanism may be genetic, polygenic, conformational, immune-mediated, or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Scottish Terrier

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von Willebrand disease type III — Scottish Terrier type

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited primary hemostatic disorder caused by deficiency or dysfunction of von Willebrand factor.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
The detected variant may identify an at-risk genotype only in breeds and lineages for which it has been validated. The laboratory classification, zygosity, penetrance and clinical phenotype must be reviewed.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Scottish Terrier

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001058-9615 — Von Willebrand disease III

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von Willebrand disease type III — Shetland Sheepdog type

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited primary hemostatic disorder caused by deficiency or dysfunction of von Willebrand factor.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
The detected variant may identify an at-risk genotype only in breeds and lineages for which it has been validated. The laboratory classification, zygosity, penetrance and clinical phenotype must be reviewed.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Shetland Sheepdog

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001058-9615 — Von Willebrand disease III

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Syndromic retinal degeneration — Shetland Sheepdog type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or DNA test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. This does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Shetland Sheepdog

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Shaking puppy syndrome type 1

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited hypomyelinating neurologic disorder causing generalized tremors in young Siberian Huskies.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current AKC breed-specific guidance recommends this test or lists it as a primary breed-relevant DNA test.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Siberian Husky

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Siberian Husky polyneuropathy type 1

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited or familial peripheral nerve disorder causing weakness, gait abnormalities and sometimes laryngeal dysfunction.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current AKC breed-specific guidance recommends this test or lists it as a primary breed-relevant DNA test.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Siberian Husky

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Spinocerebellar ataxia — terrier type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or DNA test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. This does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Smooth Fox Terrier

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Swedish Vallhund retinopathy — MERTK-related

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Autosomal recessive MERTK-related progressive retinal degeneration characterized by staged multifocal retinal changes and eventual vision loss.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current AKC breed-specific guidance recommends this test or lists it as a primary breed-relevant DNA test.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Swedish Vallhund

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Spinocerebellar ataxia — KCNJ10-associated terrier type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or DNA test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. This does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Toy Fox Terrier, Wire Fox Terrier

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Sighthound anesthetic drug sensitivity considerations

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Sighthounds can differ from other breeds in body composition and in the disposition of some highly lipid-soluble anesthetic drugs, especially older barbiturates.
How it occurs or is acquired
This label remains in the original breed inventory, but the listing alone does not show whether the condition is inherited, congenital, acquired, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Saluki

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Vitreous syneresis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Liquefaction and structural degeneration of the vitreous body that may be age-related or associated with ocular disease.
How it occurs or is acquired
This label remains in the original breed inventory, but the listing alone does not show whether the condition is inherited, congenital, acquired, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Shih Tzu

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Skeletal dysplasia 3 — Vizsla type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited skeletal developmental disorder reported in Vizslas and associated with disproportionate growth abnormalities.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current AKC breed-specific guidance lists this as an optional breed-relevant DNA test.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Vizsla

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Spinal dysraphism — NKX2-8-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital spinal cord malformation; a Weimaraner form is associated with a frameshift variant in NKX2-8.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current AKC breed-specific guidance lists this as a primary breed-relevant DNA test.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Weimaraner

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Van Den Ende-Gupta syndrome — Wire Fox Terrier type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited craniofacial and skeletal dysplasia described in Wire Fox Terriers.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. Identification does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Wire Fox Terrier

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Subacute necrotizing encephalopathy — Yorkshire Terrier type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited progressive encephalopathy reported in Yorkshire Terriers, causing neurologic dysfunction from necrotizing brain lesions.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. Identification does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Yorkshire Terrier

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Swimmer puppy syndrome

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Developmental inability to adduct and support the limbs, often accompanied by a flattened thorax in young puppies.
How it occurs or is acquired
This label remains in the original breed inventory, but the listing alone does not show whether the condition is inherited, congenital, acquired, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Reference source: Merck Veterinary Manual — Congenital Musculoskeletal Anomalies

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Syndactyly

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital fusion of two or more digits.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Reference source: Merck Veterinary Manual — Congenital Musculoskeletal Anomalies

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000963-9615 — Syndactyly

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Tethered cord syndrome

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Abnormal fixation of the caudal spinal cord, commonly by a tight filum terminale, limiting normal movement of the cord.
How it occurs or is acquired
This label remains in the original breed inventory, but the listing alone does not show whether the condition is inherited, congenital, acquired, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Reference source: Merck Veterinary Manual — Congenital Spinal Cord Disorders

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Sacrocaudal dysgenesis

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Failure or abnormal development of sacral and caudal vertebrae, sometimes with associated spinal-nerve defects.
How it occurs or is acquired
This label remains in the original breed inventory, but the listing alone does not show whether the condition is inherited, congenital, acquired, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Reference source: Merck Veterinary Manual — Congenital Spinal Cord Disorders

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Segmental aplasia of the female reproductive tract

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital failure of portions of the paramesonephric ducts to develop, potentially affecting uterine horns, cervix or vagina.
How it occurs or is acquired
This label remains in the original breed inventory, but the listing alone does not show whether the condition is inherited, congenital, acquired, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Reference source: Merck Veterinary Manual — Congenital Reproductive Anomalies

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Urachal remnant / patent urachus

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Incomplete closure of the fetal urachus; forms include patent urachus, urachal diverticulum, sinus and cyst.
How it occurs or is acquired
This label remains in the original breed inventory, but the listing alone does not show whether the condition is inherited, congenital, acquired, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Reference source: Merck Veterinary Manual — Urinary Bladder Anomalies

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Ureteral agenesis / duplication

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Failure of a ureter to form or congenital presence of an additional ureter.
How it occurs or is acquired
This label remains in the original breed inventory, but the listing alone does not show whether the condition is inherited, congenital, acquired, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Reference source: Merck Veterinary Manual — Congenital Urinary Disorders of Dogs

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Ureterocele

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Cystic dilation of the distal ureter where it enters the bladder, sometimes associated with obstruction or ectopic ureter.
How it occurs or is acquired
This label remains in the original breed inventory, but the listing alone does not show whether the condition is inherited, congenital, acquired, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Reference source: Merck Veterinary Manual — Congenital Urinary Disorders of Dogs

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Urethral atresia / stenosis / duplication

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital absence, narrowing, incomplete opening, or duplication of the urethra.
How it occurs or is acquired
This label remains in the original breed inventory, but the listing alone does not show whether the condition is inherited, congenital, acquired, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Reference source: Merck Veterinary Manual — Congenital Urinary Disorders of Dogs

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Urinary bladder hypoplasia / agenesis / duplication / exstrophy

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Rare congenital abnormalities in which the bladder is underdeveloped, absent, duplicated, or everted through the abdominal wall.
How it occurs or is acquired
This label remains in the original breed inventory, but the listing alone does not show whether the condition is inherited, congenital, acquired, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Reference source: Merck Veterinary Manual — Urinary Bladder Anomalies

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Urethrorectal fistula

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Abnormal congenital communication between the urethra and rectum, predisposing to recurrent urinary infection.
How it occurs or is acquired
This label remains in the original breed inventory, but the listing alone does not show whether the condition is inherited, congenital, acquired, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Reference source: Merck Veterinary Manual — Congenital Urinary Disorders of Dogs

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Zinc-responsive dermatosis

Preferred term: Zinc responsive dermatosis.

This historical label is retained as a searchable synonym so older breed links and bookmarks continue to work.

Spinocerebellar ataxia — SCN8A-related

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Early-onset recessive neurologic disease causing ataxia, tremor, loss of balance and progressive movement impairment.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Alpine Drachsbracke

Breed-evidence source: OMIA — SCN8A-related spinocerebellar ataxia

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 002194-9615 — Ataxia, spinocerebellar, SCN8A-related

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Spinocerebellar degeneration — KCNJ10-related

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Progressive juvenile spinocerebellar degeneration causing ataxia, tremors and eventual severe neurologic impairment.
How it occurs or is acquired
A peer-reviewed study found all affected Bouvier des Ardennes homozygous for KCNJ10 c.986T>C; parents were heterozygous, supporting recessive inheritance.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bouvier Des Ardennes

Breed-evidence source: PubMed PMID 36426918 — KCNJ10 spinocerebellar degeneration

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X-linked muscular dystrophy — dystrophin deficient

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Severe dystrophin-deficient muscular dystrophy causing early muscle degeneration, weakness and pain.
How it occurs or is acquired
A peer-reviewed report documented dystrophin-deficient X-linked muscular dystrophy in a related family of Grand Basset Griffon Vendéen dogs; the report establishes familial disease but not breed-wide prevalence.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Grand Basset Griffon Vendéen

Breed-evidence source: PubMed PMID 17888939 — X-linked muscular dystrophy in GBGV

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Spinocerebellar ataxia — KCNJ10-related terrier type

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited neurologic disorder causing progressive ataxia and related neurologic signs.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current AKC guidance lists KCNJ10 spinocerebellar ataxia as an optional Parson Russell Terrier DNA test.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Parson Russell Terrier

Breed-evidence source: AKC Breed-Specific DNA Testing Recommendations

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