Dr. Bob's Pet Health Information

Canine Health / Genetics

Dog Conditions and Genetic Variants: F–L

Evidence-graded definitions and genetic-test interpretation.

Entries on this page

"Fly biting syndrome"

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Onset at 8-18 months characterized by frequent and persistent non-existent fly-catching episodes.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

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Facial fold intertrigo

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier, English Bulldog

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Facial nerve paralysis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Vizsla

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Factor I deficiency, fibrinogen deficiency, afibrogenemia, hypo-fibrinogenemia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Severe or lethal hemorrhage.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Saint Bernard

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Factor II hypoprothrombinemia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
SevereEndocardial fobroesastosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer

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Factor IX deficiency (congenital)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
An X-linked coagulation disorder caused by factor IX deficiency.
How it occurs or is acquired
Established inherited disorder.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

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Factor IX(PTA) deficiency

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
An X-linked coagulation disorder caused by factor IX deficiency.
How it occurs or is acquired
Established inherited disorder.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Great Pyrenees

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Factor VII deficiency

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
An inherited coagulation-factor deficiency that may cause prolonged clotting times and variable bleeding tendency.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Airedale Terrier, Akita, Alaskan Malamute, American Foxhound, Beagle, Chesapeake Bay Retriever, German Shorthaired Pointer, Japanese Spitz

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000361-9615 — Factor VII deficiency

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Factor X deficiency

Evidence status: Current OMIA inherited-phenotype record matched; molecular definition may be incomplete

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Severe bleeding in newborn and young adults.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cocker Spaniel

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000362-9615 — Factor X deficiency

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Factor XI (PTA) deficiency

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Deficiency of the named protein, enzyme or physiologic factor; clinical effects vary with severity.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: English Springer Spaniel

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Fading pigmentation

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bearded Collie

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False Pregnancy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: American Staffordshire Terrier

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Familial dermatitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inflammation of the skin; the underlying cause may be allergic, infectious, immune-mediated or structural.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Shetland Sheepdog

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Fanconi syndrome

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A proximal renal tubular disorder causing urinary loss of glucose, amino acids and other solutes; a breed-associated inherited form is recognized in Basenjis.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basenji

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000366-9615 — Fanconi syndrome

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Fatty liver syndrome

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chihuahua, West Highland White Terrier, Yorkshire Terrier

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Fecal incontinance

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: English Bulldog

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Fecal incontinence

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Irish Setter

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Fevers of unknown origin

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chinese Shar-Pei

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Fibrosarcoma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A neoplastic disorder affecting the tissue named in this entry; behavior and treatment depend on tumor type and stage.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed-associated cancer risk may have a heritable component, but most such risk is complex and not explained by one causal variant.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shorthaired Pointer, Weimaraner

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Fibrous subaortic stenosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Fixed narrowing below the aortic valve that obstructs left ventricular outflow.
How it occurs or is acquired
Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Flaccid shoulder joints

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bulldog

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Flank sucking

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Doberman Pinscher

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Flea bite hypersensitivity

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Fly dermatitis of ear tips

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inflammation of the skin; the underlying cause may be allergic, infectious, immune-mediated or structural.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Follicular conjunctivitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Round and pinkish bodies in the retrotarsal fold.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bulldog

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Follicular dermatitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inflammation of the skin; the underlying cause may be allergic, infectious, immune-mediated or structural.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Standard Schnauzer

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Follicular dysplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Early signs are patches of erythema and alopecia on face and forelegs.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Curly-Coated Retriever, Doberman Pinscher, Portuguese Water Dog, Siberian Husky

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Follicular dysplasia (flank)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Abnormal development or formation of the named tissue or structure.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Airedale Terrier, Boxer, English Bulldog, Pointer

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Follicular plugging (blackheads)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chinese Crested

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Folliculitis and furunculosis, bacterial

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bullmastiff, Chesapeake Bay Retriever, Dalmatian, Golden Retriever, Great Dane, Irish Setter, Labrador Retriever, Newfoundland, Rottweiler, Saint Bernard, Scottish Terrier

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Folliculitis and pedal furunculosis, bacterial

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund, Doberman Pinscher, English Bulldog

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Folliculitis, bacterial

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Shetland Sheepdog

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Food allergy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever, Miniature Schnauzer

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Food hypersensitivity

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer, Cocker Spaniel, English Springer Spaniel, German Shepherd Dog

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Food hypersensitivity Generalized progressive retinal atrophy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A group of inherited retinal degenerations causing progressive loss of vision; the causal gene and age of onset vary substantially by breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited retinal disease; genetically heterogeneous.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: English Cocker Spaniel

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Food sensitivity

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chinese Shar-Pei

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Footpad keratoses (corns)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Kerry Blue Terrier

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Fucosidosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A lysosomal storage disease causing progressive neurologic dysfunction.
How it occurs or is acquired
Established inherited disorder.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: English Springer Spaniel

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Furunculosis, scarring and bacterial

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bull Terrier

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Gangliosidosis or G.M.I

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Portuguese Water Dog

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Gastric carcinoma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A neoplastic disorder affecting the tissue named in this entry; behavior and treatment depend on tumor type and stage.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed-associated cancer risk may have a heritable component, but most such risk is complex and not explained by one causal variant.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Belgian Sheepdog

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Gastric dilatation-volvulus

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Great Dane

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Gastric eosinophilis granuloma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Rottweiler

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Gastric torsion

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Acute gastric distension with or without volvulus; large, deep-chested breeds are at increased risk.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basset Hound, Bouvier de Flandres, Boxer, Briard, Saint Bernard, Scottish Deerhound

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Gastroenteritis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Gastrointestinal disorders

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen

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Generalized myopathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Stiff gait.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Irish Setter

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Generalized progressive retinal atrophy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A group of inherited retinal degenerations causing progressive loss of vision; the causal gene and age of onset vary substantially by breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited retinal disease; genetically heterogeneous.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cardigan Welsh Corgi, Gordon Setter, Irish Setter, Norwegian Elkhound, Pembroke Welsh Corgi

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Genu valgum

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Knees bowed medially due to rapid growth.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Saint Bernard

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001172-9615 — Genu valgum

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Gingival hyperplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Described in related animals.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer

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Gingival neoplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A neoplastic disorder affecting the tissue named in this entry; behavior and treatment depend on tumor type and stage.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed-associated cancer risk may have a heritable component, but most such risk is complex and not explained by one causal variant.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer, Cocker Spaniel

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Glaucoma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Optic nerve and retinal damage associated with pathologically increased intraocular pressure.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Afghan Hound, Boston Terrier, Bullmastiff, Dalmatian, English Cocker Spaniel, English Springer Spaniel, Flat-Coated Retriever, Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen, Saluki, Samoyed

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Glaucoma ( acute primary narrow-angle glaucoma)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Optic nerve and retinal damage associated with pathologically increased intraocular pressure.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cocker Spaniel

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Glaucoma ( secondary to subluxation of lens)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Optic nerve and retinal damage associated with pathologically increased intraocular pressure.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chihuahua, Cocker Spaniel

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Glaucoma (primary narrow-angle)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Optic nerve and retinal damage associated with pathologically increased intraocular pressure.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Glaucoma (Primary open-angle glaucoma)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Optic nerve and retinal damage associated with pathologically increased intraocular pressure.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Norwegian Elkhound

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Glaucoma (secondary to luxation of lens)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Optic nerve and retinal damage associated with pathologically increased intraocular pressure.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cairn Terrier

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Globoid cell leukodystrophy

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Progressive signs beginning at 3-6 months of age are pelvic stiffness or cerebellar disturbance.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Australian Kelpie, Dalmatian

Breed-evidence source: UPEI/CVMA Canine Inherited Disorders Database — Globoid cell leukodystrophy

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Globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe's disease)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Progressive signs beginning at 3-6 months of age are either pelvic stiffness or cerebellar disturbance. CSF total protein is elevated.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cairn Terrier, West Highland White Terrier

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Glomerulopathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Doberman Pinscher

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Glycogen storage disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pomeranian

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Grand mal epilepsy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures; causes and inheritance vary among breeds.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Manchester Terrier

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Granulocytopathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Increased susceptibility to infection.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Irish Setter

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Granulomatous colitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer

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Growth hormone responsive dermatitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inflammation of the skin; the underlying cause may be allergic, infectious, immune-mediated or structural.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Samoyed

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Hair follicle tumors

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A neoplastic disorder affecting the tissue named in this entry; behavior and treatment depend on tumor type and stage.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed-associated cancer risk may have a heritable component, but most such risk is complex and not explained by one causal variant.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Kerry Blue Terrier

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Hairlessness

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Hairy caruncle

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pekingese, Pug

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Hanging tongue

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: English Springer Spaniel

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Harada's disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Anterior uveitis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Akita

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Haws

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Orbital gland hypertrophy.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bulldog

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Hay fever /asthma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Schipperke

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Heart disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Irish Wolfhound, Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier

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Heart murmurs / enlarged hearts

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Sussex Spaniel

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Heart valve incompetence

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Heavy tartar formation

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bichon Frise

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Hemangiosarcoma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Aggressive malignant tumor of vascular endothelial cells, often affecting spleen, heart or liver.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Vizsla

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Hemeralopia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Day blindness.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Alaskan Malamute, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Hemivertebra

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital wedge-shaped vertebral malformation that can be incidental or cause spinal deformity and neurologic compression.
How it occurs or is acquired
Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Hemophilia A

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
An X-linked coagulation disorder caused by factor VIII deficiency, producing variable spontaneous or trauma-associated bleeding.
How it occurs or is acquired
Established inherited disorder.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Doberman Pinscher, English Cocker Spaniel, Siberian Husky

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Hemophilia A, Factor VIII or AHF deficiency

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
An X-linked coagulation disorder caused by factor VIII deficiency, producing variable spontaneous or trauma-associated bleeding.
How it occurs or is acquired
Established inherited disorder.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Alaskan Malamute, Beagle, Brittany, Cairn Terrier, Chihuahua, Collie, English Setter, German Shepherd Dog, Golden Retriever, Poodle — Standard variety, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties, Saint Bernard, Samoyed, Shetland Sheepdog, Standard Schnauzer, Vizsla, Weimaraner

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Hemophilia A, Factor VIII or AHF deficiency (SLR)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
An X-linked coagulation disorder caused by factor VIII deficiency, producing variable spontaneous or trauma-associated bleeding.
How it occurs or is acquired
Established inherited disorder.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

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Hemophilia A, Factor VIII, or AHF

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
An X-linked coagulation disorder caused by factor VIII deficiency, producing variable spontaneous or trauma-associated bleeding.
How it occurs or is acquired
Established inherited disorder.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bulldog

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Hemophilia A,Factor VIII deficiency

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
An X-linked coagulation disorder caused by factor VIII deficiency, producing variable spontaneous or trauma-associated bleeding.
How it occurs or is acquired
Established inherited disorder.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Irish Setter

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Hemophilia B, Factor IX deficiency

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
An X-linked coagulation disorder caused by factor IX deficiency.
How it occurs or is acquired
Established inherited disorder.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cocker Spaniel, French Bulldog, Saint Bernard

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HemophiliaA, Factor VIII, or AHF deficiency

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
An X-linked coagulation disorder caused by factor VIII deficiency, producing variable spontaneous or trauma-associated bleeding.
How it occurs or is acquired
Established inherited disorder.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: French Bulldog

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Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Hepatic angiosarcoma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A neoplastic disorder affecting the tissue named in this entry; behavior and treatment depend on tumor type and stage.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed-associated cancer risk may have a heritable component, but most such risk is complex and not explained by one causal variant.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog, Pointer

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Hepato arteriovenous fistula

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Saint Bernard

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Hereditary abnormal dentition

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Presence of one extra incisor.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bulldog

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Hereditary ataxia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Jack Russell Terrier

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Hereditary cataract

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Opacity of the lens that can impair vision; inherited and non-inherited forms occur.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Border Terrier, French Bulldog, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, Welsh Springer Spaniel

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Hereditary deafness

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Partial or complete hearing loss; congenital sensorineural forms have important breed and pigmentation associations.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Australian Shepherd

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Hereditary footpad hyperkeratosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dogue de Bordeaux

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Hereditary footpad keratosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Irish Terrier

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Hereditary lupoid dermatosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A skin disorder causing inflammation, scaling, hair loss, pruritus or other cutaneous abnormalities depending on the specific condition.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pointer

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Hereditary myopathy

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A disorder primarily affecting muscle or tissue maintenance; inherited forms are recognized for some diagnoses and breeds.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Irish Terrier, Labrador Retriever

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000693-9615 — Myopathy

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Hereditary nasal pyogranuloma and vasculitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Scottish Terrier

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Hereditary nephritis

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
X-linked.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Samoyed

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000708-9615 — Nephritis

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Hereditary neuropathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A neurologic disorder affecting peripheral nerves or the spinal cord, depending on the specific diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier

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Hereditary polyneuropathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Progressive muscle weakness.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Alaskan Malamute

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Hermaphroditism

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Ovarian and testicular tissues as separate gonads or ovotestes.
How it occurs or is acquired
Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Heterochromia iridis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Blue and white iris.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier, Collie, Dachshund, Great Dane, Shetland Sheepdog, Siberian Husky

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Hiatal hernias

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chinese Shar-Pei

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Hidradinitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Collie

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High incidence of hip dysplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Developmental laxity and malformation of the hip joint that can lead to osteoarthritis and pain.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Giant Schnauzer

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Hip and elbow dysplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A group of developmental abnormalities of the elbow joint that can cause lameness and osteoarthritis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bullmastiff, Irish Wolfhound

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Hip dysplasia

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Developmental laxity and malformation of the hip joint that can lead to osteoarthritis and pain.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Multifactorial. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Afghan Hound, Airedale Terrier, Akbash Dog, Akita, Alaskan Malamute, American Bulldog, American Eskimo Dog, American Hairless Terrier, American Pit Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier, American Water Spaniel, Anatolian Shepherd Dog, Australian Cattle Dog, Australian Shepherd, Barbet, Basenji, Bavarian Mountain Hound, Beagle, Bearded Collie, Beauceron, Belgian Laekenois, Belgian Malinois, Belgian Sheepdog, Belgian Tervuren, Bergamasco Sheepdog, Berger Picard, Bernese Mountain Dog, Bichon Frise, Black and Tan Coonhound, Black Russian Terrier, Bloodhound, Bluetick Coonhound, Boerboel, Border Collie, Border Terrier, Bouvier des Flandres, Boxer, Boykin Spaniel, Bracco Italiano, Braque D'Auvergne, Briard, Brittany, Brussels Griffon, Bulldog, Bullmastiff, Canaan Dog, Canadian Eskimo Dog, Cane Corso, Cardigan Welsh Corgi, Carolina Dog, Catalan Sheepdog, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Chesapeake Bay Retriever, Chinese Shar-Pei, Chinook, Chow Chow, Clumber Spaniel, Cocker Spaniel, Coton de Tulear, Curly-Coated Retriever, Dalmatian, Dandie Dinmont Terrier, Doberman Pinscher, Dogo Argentino, Dogue de Bordeaux, English Cocker Spaniel, English Setter, English Springer Spaniel, Entlebucher Mountain Dog, Field Spaniel, Finnish Lapphund, Flat-Coated Retriever, French Bulldog, German Pinscher, German Shepherd Dog, German Shorthaired Pointer, German Wirehaired Pointer, Glen of Imaal Terrier, Golden Retriever, Gordon Setter, Grand Basset Griffon Vendéen, Great Dane, Great Pyrenees, Greater Swiss Mountain Dog, Harrier, Havanese, Ibizan Hound, Icelandic Sheepdog, Irish Red and White Setter, Irish Setter, Irish Terrier, Irish Water Spaniel, Irish Wolfhound, Karelian Bear Dog, Keeshond, Kerry Blue Terrier, Komondor, Kuvasz, Labrador Retriever, Lagotto Romagnolo, Leonberger, Lhasa Apso, Löwchen, Mastiff, Miniature American Shepherd, Mudi, Neapolitan Mastiff, Nederlandse Kooikerhondje, Newfoundland, Norwegian Buhund, Norwegian Elkhound, Norwich Terrier, Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever, Old English Sheepdog, Otterhound, Pembroke Welsh Corgi, Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen, Pharaoh Hound, Pointer, Polish Lowland Sheepdog, Poodle — Standard variety, Portuguese Podengo Pequeno, Portuguese Water Dog, Pug, Puli, Pumi, Pyrenean Mastiff, Pyrenean Shepherd, Rat Terrier, Rhodesian Ridgeback, Rottweiler, Saint Bernard, Samoyed, Schipperke, Shetland Sheepdog, Shiba Inu, Shih Tzu, Siberian Husky, Skye Terrier, Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier, Spanish Water Dog, Spinone Italiano, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, Standard Schnauzer, Sussex Spaniel, Swedish Vallhund, Tibetan Mastiff, Tibetan Terrier, Treeing Walker Coonhound, Vizsla, Weimaraner, West Highland White Terrier, Wirehaired Pointing Griffon, Wirehaired Vizsla, Xoloitzcuintli

Breed-evidence source: UPEI/CVMA Canine Inherited Disorders Database — Akbash

Breed-evidence source: UPEI/CVMA Canine Inherited Disorders Database — Hip dysplasia

Breed-evidence source: Royal Kennel Club Health Standard 2026

Breed-evidence source: Carolina Dog Fanciers of America — breeder health-testing recommendations

Breed-evidence source: AKC Hound Group Health Testing Requirements

Breed-evidence source: Pyrenean Mastiff Association of America Health Statement 2024

Breed-evidence source: National Treeing Walker Coonhound Association Health Statement

Breed-evidence source: UPEI/CVMA Canine Inherited Disorders Database — American Bulldog

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000473-9615 — Hip dysplasia

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Hip dysplasia (infrequent)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Developmental laxity and malformation of the hip joint that can lead to osteoarthritis and pain.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Welsh Springer Spaniel

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Hip dysplasia (severe)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Developmental laxity and malformation of the hip joint that can lead to osteoarthritis and pain.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Otterhound

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Histiocytic colitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer

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Histiocytoma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer, Scottish Terrier

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Hot spots

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Newfoundland

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Hydrocephalus

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain ventricles, often associated with developmental abnormalities.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bulldog

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000487-9615 — Hydrocephalus

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Hygroma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Saint Bernard

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Hygroma of elbow

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Irish Wolfhound

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Hygromas

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Borzoi

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Hyperadrenocorticism

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Excess glucocorticoid activity caused by pituitary, adrenal or iatrogenic disease.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer, Dachshund

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Hypercholesterolemia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Beagle

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Hyperlipidemia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Miniature Schnauzer

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Hyperpigmentation

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Vizsla

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Hypersomatotropism

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pomeranian

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Hypertrophic gastritis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basenji

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Hypertrophic osteodystrophy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A disorder primarily affecting muscle or tissue maintenance; inherited forms are recognized for some diagnoses and breeds.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever, Weimaraner

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Hypertrophic osteopathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Saint Bernard

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Hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Maltese, Manchester Terrier

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Hypertrophic pyloric gastrophy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Shih Tzu

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Hypertrophy of the nictitans gland

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier, Cocker Spaniel

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Hypo and Hyperthyroidism

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Canaan Dog

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Hypoglycemia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Concentration of glucose in the blood below the normal limit.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chihuahua, English Setter, Labrador Retriever, Maltese

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Hypogonadism in intact male

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Siberian Husky

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Hypogonadism of intact male

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Keeshond

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Hypoplasia (or aplasia) of optic nerve

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Hypoplasia of dens

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Either hypoplasia of dens or its nonunion with C2.
How it occurs or is acquired
Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Hypoplasia of the larynx

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Skye Terrier

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Hypoplasia of the optic nerve

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Collie

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Hypoplasia of trachea

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Small, rigid cartilaginous rings with free ends in apposition.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bulldog

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Hyposomatotropism

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chow Chow, Keeshond, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Hypospadia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties, Shih Tzu

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Hypothyroid

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Reduced thyroid hormone production, most often due to acquired thyroid gland disease in adult dogs.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Curly-Coated Retriever

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Hypothyroidism

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Reduced thyroid hormone production, most often due to acquired thyroid gland disease in adult dogs.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Afghan Hound, Akita, Belgian Tervuren, Borzoi, Boxer, Briard, Chow Chow, Cocker Spaniel, Dachshund, Doberman Pinscher, English Bulldog, English Cocker Spaniel, English Springer Spaniel, Field Spaniel, German Shepherd Dog, Giant Schnauzer, Golden Retriever, Gordon Setter, Great Dane, Irish Setter, Keeshond, Labrador Retriever, Miniature Schnauzer, Poodle — Standard variety, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties, Schipperke, Shetland Sheepdog, Standard Schnauzer, Welsh Springer Spaniel

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Hypothyroidism; lumbosacral transitional vertebrae

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Reduced thyroid hormone production, most often due to acquired thyroid gland disease in adult dogs.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Rhodesian Ridgeback

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Hypotrichosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Irish Water Spaniel, Pug

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Ichthyosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: West Highland White Terrier

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Idiopathic colitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer

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Idiopathic degenerative joint disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Saint Bernard

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Idiopathic epilepsy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures; causes and inheritance vary among breeds.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund, Irish Setter, Otterhound, Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen, Spinone Italiano, Vizsla

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Idiopathic Epilepsy -- possibly autosomal recessive

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures; causes and inheritance vary among breeds.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Vizsla

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Idiopathic facial paralysis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cocker Spaniel

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Idiopathic mucinosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Pitting edema.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chinese Shar-Pei

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Idiopathic onychodystrophy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A disorder primarily affecting muscle or tissue maintenance; inherited forms are recognized for some diagnoses and breeds.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund, English Springer Spaniel, Irish Water Spaniel, Siberian Husky, Whippet

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Idiopathic ulcerative dermatosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A skin disorder causing inflammation, scaling, hair loss, pruritus or other cutaneous abnormalities depending on the specific condition.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Collie, Shetland Sheepdog

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Idiopathic vasculitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Rottweiler

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Immune complex disorders

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Doberman Pinscher

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Immune mediated hemolytic anemia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Old English Sheepdog

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Immune mediated thrombocytopenia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Italian Greyhound

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Immunodeficiency

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Deficiency of the named protein, enzyme or physiologic factor; clinical effects vary with severity.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basset Hound

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000550-9615 — Immunodeficiency

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Immunoglobulin A deficiency

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Deficiency of the named protein, enzyme or physiologic factor; clinical effects vary with severity.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Beagle, Chinese Shar-Pei

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000552-9615 — Immunoglobulin A deficiency

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Immunoproliferative enteropathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basenji

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Increased anesthetic risk

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Italian Greyhound

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Inflammation of the third eyelid

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Inflammatory bowel disease

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chinese Shar-Pei, German Shepherd Dog

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001687-9615 — Inflammatory bowel disease

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Inguinal hernia

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Protrusion of abdominal contents through the inguinal canal.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basenji, Basset Hound

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000462-9615 — Hernia, inguinal

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Inhalant allergies

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier, Golden Retriever, Irish Setter, Lhasa Apso, Shih Tzu

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Inhalant allergy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Miniature Schnauzer

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Inherited dwarfism

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pointer

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Inherited juvenile dilated cardiomyopathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Myocardial disease characterized by ventricular dilation and impaired systolic function; genetic architecture varies by breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Portuguese Water Dog

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Inherited ventricular arrhythmias

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, German Shepherd Dog

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Injection reaction

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Lhasa Apso

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Injection reactions

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties, Yorkshire Terrier

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Insect or arachnid-related eosinophilic furunculosis (face)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Interdigital erythema and pruritis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Thickening, infections and hair loss due to skin folds.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chinese Shar-Pei

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Interdigital inclusion cysts

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basset Hound

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Intertrigo

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Facial fold.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pug

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Intervertebral disc degeneration

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Degeneration or displacement of intervertebral disc material that can compress the spinal cord or nerve roots.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer

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Intervertebral disc disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Degeneration or displacement of intervertebral disc material that can compress the spinal cord or nerve roots.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Beagle, Cocker Spaniel, Dachshund, Pekingese, Pembroke Welsh Corgi, Scottish Terrier, Shih Tzu, Sussex Spaniel

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Intervertebral disc syndrome

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Degeneration or displacement of intervertebral disc material that can compress the spinal cord or nerve roots.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dandie Dinmont Terrier

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Intervetebral disc degeneration

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Intestinal malabsorption

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basenji

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Intrahepatic portosystemic shunts

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Abnormal vascular communication that allows portal blood to bypass the liver; congenital forms are important in several breeds.
How it occurs or is acquired
Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Intussusception

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Invagination or indigitation of a portion of the intestine.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier

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Iridal atrophy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chihuahua, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Iris atrophy

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Standard variety

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000566-9615 — Iris atrophy

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Juvenile amaurotic idiocy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: English Cocker Spaniel

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Juvenile cataract

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Opacity of the lens that can impair vision; inherited and non-inherited forms occur.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chesapeake Bay Retriever, Labrador Retriever, Lagotto Romagnolo, Miniature Schnauzer, Pekingese, Poodle — Standard variety, Staffordshire Bull Terrier

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Juvenile cataracts

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Opacity of the lens that can impair vision; inherited and non-inherited forms occur.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Old English Sheepdog, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Juvenile cellulitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund, Golden Retriever, Gordon Setter

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Juvenile limp

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Skye Terrier

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Juvenile onset polyarthritis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Incapacitating pain.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Akita

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Juvenile osteoporosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Curly-Coated Retriever

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Juvenile renal disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Miniature Schnauzer

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Juvenile Renal disease -- recessive

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Standard variety

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Keratitis sicca

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Dry cornea due to inefficient lacrimal secretion.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bulldog

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Keratoacanthoma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Norwegian Elkhound

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Keratoconjunctivitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chow Chow

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Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Insufficient tear production causing ocular surface inflammation, discomfort and possible corneal damage.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Multifactorial. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Affenpinscher, Chihuahua, Chinese Shar-Pei, Dachshund, Kerry Blue Terrier, Lhasa Apso, Miniature Pinscher, West Highland White Terrier, Yorkshire Terrier

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 002393-9615 — Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

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Kidney failure (familial)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Rottweiler

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Kinked tails

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Newfoundland

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Lack of ADH

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Lhasa Apso

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Lack of traction at the lateral canthus

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Rottweiler

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Lafara's disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Seizures.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basset Hound

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Leaker puppies

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Brussels Griffon

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Legg perthes

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Jack Russell Terrier

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Legg-Perthes disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Avascular necrosis of the femoral head.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Affenpinscher, Australian Terrier, Manchester Terrier, Miniature Pinscher, Miniature Schnauzer, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties, Pug, Schipperke, Silky Terrier, West Highland White Terrier, Yorkshire Terrier

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Lens luxation

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Results in secondary glaucoma.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: LP/P, P. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Greyhound, Lakeland Terrier, Sealyham Terrier, Tibetan Spaniel

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000588-9615 — Lens luxation

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Lens-induced uveitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Lethal acrodermatitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A severe inherited syndrome in Bull Terriers characterized by growth failure, immune dysfunction and characteristic skin/footpad lesions.
How it occurs or is acquired
Established inherited disease in Bull Terriers.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bull Terrier

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Leukoencephalomalacia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Rottweiler

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Leukotrichia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

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Linear IgA dermatosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A skin disorder causing inflammation, scaling, hair loss, pruritus or other cutaneous abnormalities depending on the specific condition.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund

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Lip fold dermatitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inflammation of the skin; the underlying cause may be allergic, infectious, immune-mediated or structural.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Brittany

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Lip fold intertrigo

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cocker Spaniel, English Cocker Spaniel, English Springer Spaniel

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Lip fold pyoderma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Localized.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Saint Bernard

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Lipidosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Siberian Husky

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Lissencephaly

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital absence of cerebrocortical convolutions.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Lhasa Apso

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Liver copper storage disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Doberman Pinscher

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Liver disease and liver cirrhosis (hereditary factors)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

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Lobular dissecting hepatitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Standard variety

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Lone atrial fibrillation

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Great Dane, Irish Wolfhound

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Lupoid onychodystrophy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A disorder primarily affecting muscle or tissue maintenance; inherited forms are recognized for some diagnoses and breeds.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Luxated lens / secondary glaucoma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Optic nerve and retinal damage associated with pathologically increased intraocular pressure.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Welsh Terrier

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Luxated lumbar intervertebral disc

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Degeneration or displacement of intervertebral disc material that can compress the spinal cord or nerve roots.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cardigan Welsh Corgi

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Luxated patella

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Instability or displacement of the kneecap, usually medial or lateral, that may cause intermittent or persistent lameness.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Finnish Spitz

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Luxated patellas

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Instability or displacement of the kneecap, usually medial or lateral, that may cause intermittent or persistent lameness.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Shiba Inu

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Luxating patella

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Instability or displacement of the kneecap, usually medial or lateral, that may cause intermittent or persistent lameness.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier, Flat-Coated Retriever, Jack Russell Terrier, West Highland White Terrier

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Luxating patellas

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Instability or displacement of the kneecap, usually medial or lateral, that may cause intermittent or persistent lameness.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Brittany, Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen

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Luxation of the lens

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Abnormal displacement or instability of the named joint or structure.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Scottish Terrier

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Lymphangiectasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basenji, Yorkshire Terrier

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Lymphedema

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Nonpainful pitting edema.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shorthaired Pointer

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Lymphocytic thyroiditis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Nonprogressive autoimmune disease with no clinical signs of glandular enlargement.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Beagle

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Lymphocytic-plasmocytic gastritis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen

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Lymphocytic/plasmocytic enteritis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basenji

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Lymphoma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Cancer of lymphoid cells that can involve lymph nodes, blood, gastrointestinal tract, skin or other organs.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Airedale Terrier, Golden Retriever, Saint Bernard, Vizsla

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Lymphopenia eosinophilia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Increase of 17 ketosteroids and 17 hydroxy corticoids.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier

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Lymphosarcoma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A neoplastic disorder affecting the tissue named in this entry; behavior and treatment depend on tumor type and stage.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed-associated cancer risk may have a heritable component, but most such risk is complex and not explained by one causal variant.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bouvier de Flandres

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Lysosomal storage disease

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Australian Cattle Dog

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000616-9615 — Lysosomal storage disease

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Heritable eye disease

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Umbrella screening category for inherited or breed-associated ophthalmic disorders detected by veterinary ophthalmic examination.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current parent-club screening guidance identifies this as a breed health concern, but a single causal variant is not necessarily known.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Affenpinscher, Afghan Hound, Airedale Terrier, Akita, Alaskan Klee Kai, Alaskan Malamute, American Eskimo Dog, American Water Spaniel, Australian Cattle Dog, Australian Shepherd, Australian Terrier, Barbet, Basenji, Basset Fauve de Bretagne, Basset Hound, Beagle, Bearded Collie, Beauceron, Bedlington Terrier, Belgian Laekenois, Belgian Malinois, Belgian Sheepdog, Belgian Tervuren, Berger Picard, Bernese Mountain Dog, Bichon Frise, Biewer Terrier, Black and Tan Coonhound, Black Russian Terrier, Bolognese, Border Collie, Border Terrier, Borzoi, Boston Terrier, Bouvier des Flandres, Boykin Spaniel, Bracco Italiano, Briard, Brittany, Brussels Griffon, Bullmastiff, Canaan Dog, Canadian Eskimo Dog, Carolina Dog, Catalan Sheepdog, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Cesky Terrier, Chesapeake Bay Retriever, Chihuahua, Chinese Crested, Chinese Shar-Pei, Chinook, Chow Chow, Clumber Spaniel, Cocker Spaniel, Coton de Tulear, Curly-Coated Retriever, Dachshund, Doberman Pinscher, English Springer Spaniel, English Toy Spaniel, Entlebucher Mountain Dog, Field Spaniel, Finnish Lapphund, Flat-Coated Retriever, French Bulldog, German Pinscher, German Shorthaired Pointer, German Wirehaired Pointer, Giant Schnauzer, Glen of Imaal Terrier, Golden Retriever, Gordon Setter, Grand Basset Griffon Vendéen, Great Dane, Great Pyrenees, Greater Swiss Mountain Dog, Greyhound, Havanese, Ibizan Hound, Icelandic Sheepdog, Irish Red and White Setter, Irish Setter, Irish Terrier, Irish Water Spaniel, Irish Wolfhound, Italian Greyhound, Japanese Chin, Keeshond, Kerry Blue Terrier, Komondor, Labrador Retriever, Lagotto Romagnolo, Lancashire Heeler, Leonberger, Löwchen, Manchester Terrier, Mastiff, Miniature American Shepherd, Miniature Schnauzer, Mudi, Neapolitan Mastiff, Nederlandse Kooikerhondje, Norfolk Terrier, Norwegian Buhund, Norwegian Elkhound, Norwegian Lundehund, Norwich Terrier, Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever, Old English Sheepdog, Papillon, Parson Russell Terrier, Pembroke Welsh Corgi, Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen, Pharaoh Hound, Polish Lowland Sheepdog, Pomeranian, Poodle — Standard variety, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties, Portuguese Podengo Pequeno, Portuguese Water Dog, Pug, Puli, Pyrenean Shepherd, Rhodesian Ridgeback, Rottweiler, Russell Terrier, Russian Toy, Russian Tsvetnaya Bolonka, Saint Bernard, Saluki, Samoyed, Schipperke, Scottish Terrier, Sealyham Terrier, Shetland Sheepdog, Shiba Inu, Shih Tzu, Siberian Husky, Silky Terrier, Skye Terrier, Sloughi, Smooth Fox Terrier, Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier, Spanish Water Dog, Spinone Italiano, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, Standard Schnauzer, Sussex Spaniel, Swedish Vallhund, Tibetan Mastiff, Tibetan Spaniel, Tibetan Terrier, Treeing Walker Coonhound, Vizsla, Weimaraner, Welsh Springer Spaniel, Welsh Terrier, West Highland White Terrier, Whippet, Wire Fox Terrier, Wirehaired Pointing Griffon, Wirehaired Vizsla, Xoloitzcuintli, Yorkshire Terrier

Breed-evidence source: Alaskan Klee Kai Club of America — Health

Breed-evidence source: Royal Kennel Club Health Standard 2026

Breed-evidence source: Carolina Dog Fanciers of America — breeder health-testing recommendations

Breed-evidence source: English Toy Spaniel Club of America health statement

Breed-evidence source: AKC Hound Group Health Testing Requirements

Breed-evidence source: National Treeing Walker Coonhound Association Health Statement

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Idiopathic chylothorax

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature and/or breed-health programs support a meaningful breed association. The mechanism may be complex, conformational, polygenic or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Afghan Hound

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Kidney disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current parent-club screening guidance identifies this as a breed health concern, but a single causal variant is not necessarily known.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Airedale Terrier, Bracco Italiano

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Hyperuricosuria

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Airedale Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier, Black Russian Terrier, Boerboel, Boston Terrier, Bulldog, Finnish Lapphund, French Bulldog, Spanish Water Dog, Swedish Vallhund

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001032-9615 — Urolith, urate

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Hereditary cataract — HSF4-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited or developmental lens opacity that may impair vision; molecular causes differ among breeds.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Australian Shepherd, Miniature American Shepherd, Staffordshire Bull Terrier

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Hereditary ataxia — Australian Shepherd type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Australian Shepherd

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Junctional epidermolysis bullosa

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Australian Shepherd

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Fanconi syndrome — FAN1-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited proximal renal tubular dysfunction causing urinary loss of glucose, amino acids and other solutes.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basenji

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Lafora disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basset Hound, Beagle

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Intestinal cobalamin malabsorption — Beagle type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Beagle

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Histiocytic sarcoma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature and/or breed-health programs support a meaningful breed association. The mechanism may be complex, conformational, polygenic or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bernese Mountain Dog, Flat-Coated Retriever

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Gastric dilatation-volvulus

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature and/or breed-health programs support a meaningful breed association. The mechanism may be complex, conformational, polygenic or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bernese Mountain Dog, German Shorthaired Pointer, Great Dane, Irish Setter, Irish Wolfhound, Leonberger, Mastiff, Newfoundland, Old English Sheepdog, Poodle — Standard variety, Saint Bernard, Scottish Deerhound, Weimaraner

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Histiocytic sarcoma genetic risk markers

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bernese Mountain Dog

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L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria — Yorkshire Terrier type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Biewer Terrier, Yorkshire Terrier

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Juvenile laryngeal paralysis and polyneuropathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited or familial peripheral nerve disorder causing weakness, gait abnormalities and, in some forms, laryngeal dysfunction.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Black Russian Terrier, Rottweiler

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Intestinal cobalamin malabsorption — Border Collie type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Border Collie

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Hereditary juvenile cataract — HSF4-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited or developmental lens opacity that may impair vision; molecular causes differ among breeds.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier

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Histiocytic / granulomatous colitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature and/or breed-health programs support a meaningful breed association. The mechanism may be complex, conformational, polygenic or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer

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Hemophilia A — Boxer type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer

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Lethal acrodermatitis — MKLN1-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Severe inherited Bull Terrier syndrome causing growth failure, immunologic dysfunction and characteristic skin/footpad disease.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bull Terrier, Miniature Bull Terrier

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Globoid cell leukodystrophy / Krabbe disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cairn Terrier

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Hemophilia B — Cairn Terrier type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cairn Terrier

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Familial nephropathy — Cocker Spaniel type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cocker Spaniel, English Cocker Spaniel

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Glycogen storage disease IIIa

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: P. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Curly-Coated Retriever

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001577-9615 — Glycogen storage disease IIIa

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Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) / chondrodystrophy

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Degeneration and herniation of intervertebral discs that can compress the spinal cord; chondrodystrophic breeds have substantially increased risk.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal dominant. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated dominant test, one disease-associated copy may be sufficient to confer risk. Age of onset, penetrance and variable expression determine whether and how severely disease develops.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000157-9615 — Intervertebral disc disease, predisposition to

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Intervertebral disc disease risk factor / chondrodystrophy (CDDY with IVDD)

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Degeneration and herniation of intervertebral discs that can compress the spinal cord; chondrodystrophic breeds have substantially increased risk.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal dominant. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated dominant test, one disease-associated copy may be sufficient to confer risk. Age of onset, penetrance and variable expression determine whether and how severely disease develops.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Catahoula Leopard Dog, Dachshund, Dandie Dinmont Terrier, English Cocker Spaniel, English Springer Spaniel, English Toy Spaniel, French Bulldog, Löwchen, Maltese, Miniature Pinscher, Pekingese, Pembroke Welsh Corgi, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties, Pyrenean Shepherd, Russian Tsvetnaya Bolonka, Scottish Terrier, Sealyham Terrier, Shih Tzu, Skye Terrier, Spanish Water Dog, Sussex Spaniel, Weimaraner, Yorkshire Terrier

Breed-evidence source: AKC Breed-Specific DNA Testing Recommendations

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000157-9615 — Intervertebral disc disease, predisposition to

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Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy — Dachshund type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. Identification alone does not establish prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility; breed-specific validation and OMIA context remain important.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund

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Hyperuricosuria — SLC2A9-associated

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype and breed-specific SLC2A9 test source reconciled

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Increased urinary uric-acid excretion associated with SLC2A9 that raises the risk of urate crystals and uroliths; an at-risk genotype does not mean that stones are already present.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive for the established SLC2A9-associated form. Dogs with two associated copies are predisposed to hyperuricosuria, but clinical stone formation is not inevitable. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
One associated copy generally indicates carrier status; two associated copies indicate the hyperuricosuria-risk genotype. Urinalysis and imaging, not genotype alone, determine whether clinically important urolithiasis is present.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: American Bulldog, Carolina Dog, Dalmatian, German Shepherd Dog, Jagdterrier, Mastiff, Pomeranian, Russell Terrier, Vizsla, Weimaraner, Wirehaired Vizsla, Yorkshire Terrier

Breed-evidence source: AKC Breed-Specific DNA Testing Recommendations

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001032-9615 — Urolith, urate

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Familial nephropathy — English Springer Spaniel type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited progressive kidney disease caused by abnormal glomerular basement membrane structure in affected spaniel lines.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. Identification alone does not establish prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility; breed-specific validation and OMIA context remain important.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: English Springer Spaniel

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Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD)

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Degeneration and herniation of intervertebral discs that can compress the spinal cord; chondrodystrophic breeds have substantially increased risk.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal dominant. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated dominant test, one disease-associated copy may be sufficient to confer risk. Age of onset, penetrance and variable expression determine whether and how severely disease develops.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: French Bulldog

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000157-9615 — Intervertebral disc disease, predisposition to

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Hemivertebra / congenital vertebral malformation

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature and breed-health guidance support a meaningful breed association; the mechanism may be genetic, polygenic, conformational, or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: French Bulldog, Pug

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Hemophilia A — F8-associated forms

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant, familial disorder, or breed-relevant molecular test is documented in current canine genetic references. Documentation does not necessarily establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Ichthyosis 1 — PNPLA1-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited disorder of cornification causing scaling and abnormal skin barrier function.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant, familial disorder, or breed-relevant molecular test is documented in current canine genetic references. Documentation does not necessarily establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Golden Retriever

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Ichthyosis 2 — ABHD5-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited disorder of cornification causing scaling and abnormal skin barrier function.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant, familial disorder, or breed-relevant molecular test is documented in current canine genetic references. Documentation does not necessarily establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Golden Retriever

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Hereditary myopathy / centronuclear myopathy — Great Dane type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant, familial disorder, or breed-relevant molecular test is documented in current canine genetic references. Documentation does not necessarily establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Great Dane

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Greyhound fibrinolytic bleeding syndrome / delayed postoperative bleeding

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature supports a meaningful breed association. The mechanism may be genetic, polygenic, conformational, environmental, or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Greyhound

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Greyhound polyneuropathy — NDRG1-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited or familial peripheral nerve disease causing weakness, gait abnormalities and sometimes laryngeal dysfunction.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant, familial disorder, or breed-relevant molecular test is documented in current canine genetic references. Documentation does not necessarily establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Greyhound

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Gluten-sensitive enteropathy risk — breed-associated familial disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant, familial disorder, or breed-relevant molecular test is documented in current canine genetic references. Documentation does not necessarily establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Irish Setter

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Hereditary footpad hyperkeratosis — KRT16-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited excessive keratinization of the footpads that can cause thickening, fissuring and discomfort.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant, familial disorder, or breed-relevant molecular test is documented in current canine genetic references. Documentation does not necessarily establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Irish Terrier

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Intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature supports a meaningful breed association. The mechanism may be genetic, polygenic, conformational, environmental, or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Irish Wolfhound

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Leg fractures in young dogs

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature supports a meaningful breed association. The mechanism may be genetic, polygenic, conformational, environmental, or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Italian Greyhound

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Familial enamel hypoplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited developmental defect of tooth enamel producing thin or abnormal enamel and increased dental wear or sensitivity.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific guidance recommends or specifically supports testing for this disorder.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Italian Greyhound

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Late-onset ataxia — CAPN1-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited progressive ataxia associated with CAPN1 in Jack/Russell Terrier populations.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or breed-relevant test is documented in current canine genetic references. Identification does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Jack Russell Terrier, Russell Terrier

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Ichthyosis — Jack Russell Terrier type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or breed-relevant test is documented in current canine genetic references. Identification does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Jack Russell Terrier, Russell Terrier

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GM2 gangliosidosis — Japanese Chin type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease causing progressive neurologic dysfunction due to deficient ganglioside degradation.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific or parent-club guidance recommends this DNA test for the breed.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Japanese Chin

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Factor XI deficiency

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited coagulation factor XI deficiency that can cause variable bleeding tendency, particularly after surgery or trauma.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
The detected variant may identify an at-risk genotype only in breeds and lineages for which it has been validated. The laboratory classification, zygosity, penetrance and clinical phenotype must be reviewed.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Kerry Blue Terrier

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000363-9615 — Factor XI deficiency

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Hereditary nasal parakeratosis — Labrador Retriever type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited disorder of nasal keratinization causing dry, crusted and fissured nasal planum in affected Labradors.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or breed-relevant test is documented in current canine genetic references. Identification does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

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Lagotto storage disease — ATG4D-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited neurodegenerative vacuolar storage disease of Lagotto Romagnolos associated with ATG4D.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific or parent-club guidance recommends this DNA test for the breed.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Lagotto Romagnolo

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Leonberger polyneuropathy 1 — LPN1

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited peripheral nerve disorder that can cause weakness, gait abnormalities and laryngeal paralysis in affected Leonbergers.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific or parent-club guidance recommends this DNA test for the breed.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Leonberger

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Leonberger polyneuropathy 2 — LPN2

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited peripheral nerve disorder that can cause weakness, gait abnormalities and laryngeal paralysis in affected Leonbergers.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific or parent-club guidance recommends this DNA test for the breed.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Leonberger

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Laryngeal paralysis and polyneuropathy 3 — LPPN3

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited peripheral nerve disorder that can cause weakness, gait abnormalities and laryngeal paralysis in affected Leonbergers.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific or parent-club guidance recommends this DNA test for the breed.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Leonberger

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Leukoencephalomyelopathy — LEMP

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited neurologic disorder affecting white matter of the brain and spinal cord, causing progressive gait abnormalities.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific or parent-club guidance recommends this DNA test for the breed.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Leonberger

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Hemophilia B — Lhasa Apso type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or breed-relevant test is documented in current canine genetic references. Identification does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Lhasa Apso

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Glycogen storage disease Ia — G6PC-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Autosomal recessive G6PC deficiency causing severe hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly and glycogen accumulation.
How it occurs or is acquired
A breed-related variant or DNA test is documented in current canine genetic references; this does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Maltese

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Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease

Evidence status: Current OMIA inherited-phenotype record matched; molecular definition may be incomplete

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Manchester Terrier, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties, Yorkshire Terrier

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000586-9615 — Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease

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Juvenile dilated cardiomyopathy — Manchester Terrier type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Early-onset inherited myocardial disease causing ventricular dilation, systolic dysfunction and risk of sudden death.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current parent-club/AKC breed guidance recommends this DNA test or targeted genetic screening.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Manchester Terrier

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Kidney disease / proteinuria

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current parent-club/OFA guidance identifies this as a breed screening priority; screening does not by itself establish a single-gene cause.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Miniature Bull Terrier

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Laryngeal paralysis — Miniature Bull Terrier type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current parent-club/AKC breed guidance recommends this DNA test or targeted genetic screening.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Miniature Bull Terrier

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Gallbladder mucocele

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Abnormal accumulation of inspissated mucus within the gallbladder; Miniature Schnauzers are among predisposed breeds.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature and/or breed-health guidance supports a meaningful breed association; mechanism may be inherited, polygenic, conformational, immune-mediated, or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Miniature Schnauzer, Shetland Sheepdog

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Hereditary necrotizing myelopathy (ENM)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited progressive neurologic disease of Nederlandse Kooikerhondjes causing spinal cord degeneration.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current parent-club/AKC breed guidance recommends this DNA test or targeted genetic screening.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Nederlandse Kooikerhondje

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Hereditary ataxia — Norwegian Buhund type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A breed-related variant or DNA test is documented in current canine genetic references; this does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Norwegian Buhund

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Lundehund syndrome / protein-losing enteropathy susceptibility

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Breed-associated gastrointestinal syndrome characterized by intestinal disease, protein loss and often lymphangiectasia.
How it occurs or is acquired
A breed-related variant or DNA test is documented in current canine genetic references; this does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Norwegian Lundehund

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Immune-mediated disease / autoimmune predisposition

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature and/or breed-health guidance supports a meaningful breed association; mechanism may be inherited, polygenic, conformational, immune-mediated, or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever

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Juvenile Addison's disease — JADD-associated risk

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited juvenile-onset hypoadrenocorticism risk syndrome recognized in Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current parent-club/AKC breed guidance recommends this DNA test or targeted genetic screening.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever

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Glanzmann thrombasthenia — Otterhound type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Autosomal recessive platelet-function disorder causing impaired aggregation and bleeding tendency.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current parent-club/AKC breed guidance recommends this DNA test or targeted genetic screening.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Otterhound

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Gallbladder mucocele genetic risk marker

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A breed-related variant or DNA test is documented in current canine genetic references. Identification alone does not establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pomeranian

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Hip dysplasia — Miniature

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current parent-club/OFA guidance identifies this as a breed screening priority; screening does not by itself establish a single-gene cause.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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GM2 gangliosidosis — Poodle type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A breed-related variant or DNA test is documented in current canine genetic references. Identification alone does not establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Standard variety, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Hereditary cataract — breed-associated forms

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A breed-related variant or DNA test is documented in current canine genetic references. Identification alone does not establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Standard variety, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's disease)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature and/or breed-health guidance supports a meaningful breed association. The mechanism may be inherited, polygenic, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Standard variety, Portuguese Water Dog

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GM1 gangliosidosis — GLB1-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Autosomal recessive GLB1 deficiency causing lysosomal storage disease and progressive neurologic deterioration.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific or parent-club guidance recommends this DNA test or targeted genetic screening.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Portuguese Water Dog

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Juvenile dilated cardiomyopathy — Portuguese Water Dog type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Autosomal recessive juvenile cardiomyopathy of Portuguese Water Dogs causing severe systolic dysfunction and risk of sudden death.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific or parent-club guidance recommends this DNA test or targeted genetic screening.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Portuguese Water Dog

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Improper coat locus

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed guidance lists this as an optional breed-relevant DNA test.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Portuguese Water Dog

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Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy — DIRAS1-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited generalized myoclonic epilepsy with photosensitivity associated with DIRAS1 in Rhodesian Ridgebacks.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed guidance lists this as an optional breed-relevant DNA test.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Rhodesian Ridgeback

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Hemophilia A — Rhodesian Ridgeback type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A breed-related variant or DNA test is documented in current canine genetic references. Identification alone does not establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Rhodesian Ridgeback

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Hemophilia B — Rhodesian Ridgeback type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A breed-related variant or DNA test is documented in current canine genetic references. Identification alone does not establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Rhodesian Ridgeback

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Juvenile laryngeal paralysis and polyneuropathy — RAB3GAP1-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease causing juvenile laryngeal paralysis, respiratory difficulty and progressive peripheral neuropathy.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific or parent-club guidance recommends this DNA test or targeted genetic screening.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Rottweiler

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Hereditary footpad hyperkeratosis — Rottweiler type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A breed-related variant or DNA test is documented in current canine genetic references. Identification alone does not establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Rottweiler

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Leukoencephalomyelopathy — Rottweiler type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A breed-related variant or DNA test is documented in current canine genetic references. Identification alone does not establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Rottweiler

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Laryngeal paralysis and polyneuropathy — Leonberger type 3

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited or familial peripheral nerve disorder causing weakness, gait abnormalities and sometimes laryngeal dysfunction.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or DNA test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. This does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Saint Bernard

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Hereditary nephritis — Samoyed type, COL4A5-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
X-linked COL4A5-associated hereditary nephropathy causing progressive proteinuria and renal failure in affected male Samoyeds.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or DNA test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. This does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Samoyed

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Hepatocellular / chronic hepatopathy predisposition

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature and/or breed-health guidance supports a meaningful breed association; the mechanism may be genetic, polygenic, conformational, immune-mediated, or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Scottish Terrier

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Ligneous membranitis

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Scottish Terrier

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 002020-9615 — Ligneous membranitis

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Gallbladder mucocele risk marker

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or DNA test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. This does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Shetland Sheepdog

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GM1 gangliosidosis — GLB1-associated Shiba Inu type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or DNA test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. This does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Shiba Inu

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GM2 gangliosidosis — Shiba Inu type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or DNA test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. This does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Shiba Inu

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L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria — L2HGDH-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Autosomal recessive metabolic encephalopathy caused by L2HGDH deficiency in Staffordshire Bull Terriers.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current AKC breed-specific guidance recommends this test or lists it as a primary breed-relevant DNA test.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Staffordshire Bull Terrier

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Idiopathic inflammatory polymyopathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Breed-associated inflammatory muscle disease reported in Hungarian Vizslas, often causing dysphagia, weakness and muscle atrophy.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature and/or breed-health guidance supports a meaningful breed association; the mechanism may be genetic, polygenic, conformational, developmental, immune-mediated, or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Vizsla

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Hypomyelination — Weimaraner type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited central nervous system myelination disorder causing tremor and neurologic abnormalities in young Weimaraners.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current AKC breed-specific guidance lists this as a primary breed-relevant DNA test.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Weimaraner

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Familial nephropathy — Cocker Spaniel type variant

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. Identification does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Welsh Springer Spaniel

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Globoid cell leukodystrophy / Krabbe disease — terrier type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by GALC deficiency, leading to progressive neurologic dysfunction.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. Identification does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: West Highland White Terrier

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Hereditary cataract — Wire Fox Terrier type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. Identification does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Wire Fox Terrier

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Hereditary cataract — Wirehaired Pointing Griffon type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. Identification does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Wirehaired Pointing Griffon

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Factor I (fibrinogen) deficiency — Vizsla historical report

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital deficiency of fibrinogen can cause a severe bleeding tendency because fibrin clot formation is impaired.
How it occurs or is acquired
This label remains in the original breed inventory, but the listing alone does not show whether the condition is inherited, congenital, acquired, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Vizsla

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Gastroschisis

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital full-thickness abdominal-wall defect with exteriorization of abdominal organs and no normal covering sac.
How it occurs or is acquired
This label remains in the original breed inventory, but the listing alone does not show whether the condition is inherited, congenital, acquired, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Reference source: Estevam et al. 2024 — The most common congenital malformations in dogs

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Hemimelia

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Partial or complete absence of one or more bones in a limb, most often involving the radius in dogs and cats.
How it occurs or is acquired
This label remains in the original breed inventory, but the listing alone does not show whether the condition is inherited, congenital, acquired, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Reference source: Merck Veterinary Manual — Congenital Musculoskeletal Anomalies

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Hydranencephaly

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Severe congenital loss of cerebral hemispheric tissue with replacement by cerebrospinal fluid.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Reference source: Merck Veterinary Manual — Overview of Congenital and Inherited Anomalies

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000486-9615 — Hydranencephaly

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Iris coloboma

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital notch or defect in the iris caused by incomplete closure or abnormal development.
How it occurs or is acquired
This label remains in the original breed inventory, but the listing alone does not show whether the condition is inherited, congenital, acquired, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Reference source: Merck Veterinary Manual — Ocular Fundus / Congenital Retinal Disorders

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Hypospadias

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Urethral opening is located proximal to the normal tip of the penis because of incomplete embryonic urethral closure.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Reference source: Merck Veterinary Manual — Congenital Urinary Disorders of Dogs

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001187-9615 — Hypospadias

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Intestinal lipid malabsorption

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited intestinal lipid-processing disorder associated with poor fat absorption and related clinical signs.
How it occurs or is acquired
AKC lists an intestinal lipid malabsorption DNA test as identified in Australian Kelpies.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Australian Kelpie

Breed-evidence source: AKC Breed-Specific DNA Testing Recommendations

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KLF7-associated congenital deafness susceptibility

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital sensorineural deafness associated with a KLF7 missense variant in an Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog study.
How it occurs or is acquired
The KLF7 variant remained significantly associated with deafness and showed incomplete penetrance; investigators described KLF7 as a promising causal candidate rather than a definitively proven sole cause.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog

Breed-evidence source: PubMed PMID 33805165 — KLF7 candidate variant and congenital deafness

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Late-onset ataxia — CAPN1-related

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited progressive ataxia associated with CAPN1 in terrier populations.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current AKC guidance lists CAPN1 late-onset ataxia as an optional Parson Russell Terrier DNA test.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Parson Russell Terrier

Breed-evidence source: AKC Breed-Specific DNA Testing Recommendations

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Hereditary hypertrophic neuropathy

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited peripheral neuropathy characterized by hypertrophic changes of peripheral nerves and neurologic dysfunction.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Tibetan Mastiff

Breed-evidence source: OMIA — hereditary hypertrophic neuropathy in Tibetan Mastiff

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000518-9615 — Neuropathy, hypertrophic

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FOXI3-associated ectodermal dysplasia

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Ectodermal dysplasia producing the hairless phenotype together with characteristic missing or abnormally shaped teeth.
How it occurs or is acquired
A FOXI3 frameshift variant causes the monogenic autosomal semidominant hairless ectodermal-dysplasia phenotype in Xoloitzcuintli and related hairless breeds.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Xoloitzcuintli

Breed-evidence source: OMIA — FOXI3-associated ectodermal dysplasia

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