Dog Conditions and Genetic Variants: A–E

Aberrant cilia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cairn Terrier, Keeshond, Lhasa Apso, Maltese

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Abnormal dentition

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Presence of extra incisor.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bullmastiff

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Abnormal dentition, extra incisor

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer

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Acanthosis nigricans

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund

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Acral furunculosis, bacterial

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Doberman Pinscher, Great Dane, Irish Setter, Labrador Retriever

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Acral lick dermatitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Inflammation of the skin; the underlying cause may be allergic, infectious, immune-mediated or structural.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Doberman Pinscher, Golden Retriever, Great Dane, Irish Setter, Labrador Retriever

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Acrodermatitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A severe inherited syndrome in Bull Terriers characterized by growth failure, immune dysfunction and characteristic skin/footpad lesions.

How it occurs or is acquired

Established inherited disease in Bull Terriers.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bull Terrier

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Acute moist dermatitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Inflammation of the skin; the underlying cause may be allergic, infectious, immune-mediated or structural.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Golden Retriever

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Addison's disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Portuguese Water Dog

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Addison's Disease -- simple recessive

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Standard variety

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Adrenal sex hormone abnormalities

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chow Chow, Pomeranian

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Adult onset epilepsy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures; causes and inheritance vary among breeds.

How it occurs or is acquired

Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Finnish Spitz

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Adult onset Growth Hormone deficiency

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Deficiency of the named protein, enzyme or physiologic factor; clinical effects vary with severity.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Standard variety, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Adult-onset Demodicosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Overgrowth of Demodex mites, often associated with immature or altered host immune control.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Airedale Terrier

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Allergic dermatitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Inflammation of the skin; the underlying cause may be allergic, infectious, immune-mediated or structural.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chinese Crested

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Allergic reaction to several chemicals

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Ibizan Hound

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Allergies

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cocker Spaniel, Skye Terrier

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Alopecia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Doberman Pinscher

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Alopecia (dilute colors)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Standard variety

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Amaurotic idiocy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

CNS storage disease.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shorthaired Pointer, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Amyloidosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Beagle

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Anasarca

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

"Walrus" or "Rubber" puppies.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bulldog

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Anemia in conjunction with chondrodysplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Macrocytic anemia.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Alaskan Malamute

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Anesthesia risk

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Ibizan Hound

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Anesthetic risk

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Greyhound

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Anesthetic sensitivity

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Field Spaniel

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Anomaly of third cervical vertebrae

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Deformed vertebral body resulting in pressure necrosis of overlying cord.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basset Hound

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Anophthalmia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Congenital absence or severe developmental failure of an eye.

How it occurs or is acquired

Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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aortic and carotid body tumors

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A neoplastic disorder affecting the tissue named in this entry; behavior and treatment depend on tumor type and stage.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed-associated cancer risk may have a heritable component, but most such risk is complex and not explained by one causal variant.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Border Terrier, Boston Terrier, Boxer

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Aphakia with multiple colobomas

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Absence of lens associated with microphthalmia, acornea, retinal detachment, and anterior synechia.

How it occurs or is acquired

Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Arrested uterine development

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bulldog

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Arteriovenous fistula

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Communication between an artery and a vein.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bulldog

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Arthrosis of the elbow joint

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Rottweiler

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Aseptic Meningitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen

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Aspermatogenesis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Borzoi

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Associated ocular and skeletal dysplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Abnormal development or formation of the named tissue or structure.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

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Atresia of lacrimal drainage apparatus

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Atresia of the nasolacrimal duct

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Atrial sepal defect and other cardiac defects

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Frequently valvular aortic stenosis and secundum-type atrial septic defects.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer

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Atrioventricular block

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pug

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Atypical chronic superficial keratitis (atypical pannus)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund

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Atypical pannus

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pekingese, Poodle — Standard variety, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Atypical pannus formation

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pug

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Aurotrichia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Miniature Schnauzer

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Autoimmune Disorders

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen

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Autosomal recessive cystic neutropenia (gray Collie syndrome)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Collie

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Autosomal thyroid disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Skye Terrier

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Avulsion fractures

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Newfoundland

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Axonopathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Azoturia-like disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Excessive nitrogen compounds in the urine.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Greyhound

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Bacterial overgrowth (GI tract)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Bactiuria

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dalmatian

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Behavioral abnormalities

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog, Poodle — Standard variety, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Benign fatty tumors

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A neoplastic disorder affecting the tissue named in this entry; behavior and treatment depend on tumor type and stage.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed-associated cancer risk may have a heritable component, but most such risk is complex and not explained by one causal variant.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Standard Schnauzer

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Bilateral alopecia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Curly-Coated Retriever

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Bilateral cataract

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Opacity of the lens that can impair vision; inherited and non-inherited forms occur.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, Miniature Schnauzer, Old English Sheepdog, Pointer, Staffordshire Bull Terrier

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Bilateral renal agenesis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Shetland Sheepdog

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Bithoracic ectromelia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Presence of a scapula only with distal structures absent.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pointer

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Black hair follicle dysplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Abnormal development or formation of the named tissue or structure.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Saluki

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Bladder cancer

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Transitional Cell Carcinoma.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Beagle, Collie, Scottish Terrier, Shetland Sheepdog

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Blepharospasm

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chinese Shar-Pei

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Blindness (congenital)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Bloat

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Acute gastric distension with or without volvulus; large, deep-chested breeds are at increased risk.

How it occurs or is acquired

Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Black and Tan Coonhound, Bloodhound, Borzoi, Bullmastiff, Chow Chow, Greyhound, Ibizan Hound, Mastiff, Newfoundland, Old English Sheepdog, Poodle — Standard variety, Weimaraner

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Blue eyes

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dalmatian, Great Pyrenees

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Blue eyes are considered a major fault and should not be bred

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bernese Mountain Dog

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Bone growth disturbance

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Black and Tan Coonhound, Bloodhound

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Bowed forelegs

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chinese Shar-Pei

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Brachury

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Short tail.

How it occurs or is acquired

Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Back to the glossary index

Bracury

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Short tail.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Beagle

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Brittle bone syndrome

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Great Pyrenees

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Bundle branch block

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Beagle

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Bundle of His degeneration

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Doberman Pinscher

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Calcinosis circumscripta tongue

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Calcinosus circumscripta

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Borzoi

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Callouses

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pointer

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Canine congenital hypotrichosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Canine lymphoma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Cancer of lymphoid cells that can involve lymph nodes, blood, gastrointestinal tract, skin or other organs.

How it occurs or is acquired

Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bulldog, Dandie Dinmont Terrier, Scottish Terrier

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Canine X-linked muscular dystrophy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A group of inherited muscle diseases characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited disease; molecular basis depends on the specific form.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Golden Retriever

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Carcinoma and lymphosarcoma of oral and nasal cavity

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A neoplastic disorder affecting the tissue named in this entry; behavior and treatment depend on tumor type and stage.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed-associated cancer risk may have a heritable component, but most such risk is complex and not explained by one causal variant.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: English Setter

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Carpal luxation

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Abnormal displacement or instability of the named joint or structure.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Irish Setter

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Carpal subluxation (XR)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Bilateral.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

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Cataract

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Opacity of the lens that can impair vision; inherited and non-inherited forms occur.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Chow Chow, English Setter, Poodle — Standard variety, Sealyham Terrier, Shetland Sheepdog, Standard Schnauzer, Vizsla

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Cataract (bilateral)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Opacity of the lens that can impair vision; inherited and non-inherited forms occur.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Afghan Hound, American Staffordshire Terrier, Border Terrier

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Cataract (congenital)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Opacity of the lens that can impair vision; inherited and non-inherited forms occur.

How it occurs or is acquired

Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Cataract (Juvenile)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Opacity of the lens that can impair vision; inherited and non-inherited forms occur.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier

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Cataract with microphthalmia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Opacity of the lens that can impair vision; inherited and non-inherited forms occur.

How it occurs or is acquired

Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Back to the glossary index

Cataract, bilateral (Juvenile cataract)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Opacity of the lens that can impair vision; inherited and non-inherited forms occur.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cocker Spaniel

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Cataract, juvenile cataract

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Opacity of the lens that can impair vision; inherited and non-inherited forms occur.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Irish Setter

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Cataract, unilateral

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Opacity of the lens that can impair vision; inherited and non-inherited forms occur.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Beagle

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Cataracts

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Opacity of the lens that can impair vision; inherited and non-inherited forms occur.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Australian Shepherd, English Cocker Spaniel, Great Pyrenees, Irish Wolfhound, Norwegian Elkhound, Siberian Husky, Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier, West Highland White Terrier

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Cellulitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Folliculitis and furunculosis, bacterial.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Central peripheral neuropathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A neurologic disorder affecting peripheral nerves or the spinal cord, depending on the specific diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer

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Central progressive retinal atrophy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A group of inherited retinal degenerations causing progressive loss of vision; the causal gene and age of onset vary substantially by breed.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited retinal disease; genetically heterogeneous.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Border Collie, English Springer Spaniel, Golden Retriever, Shetland Sheepdog

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Central retinal atrophy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Redbone Coonhound

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Central retinal degeneration

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever

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Cerebellar cortical abiotrophy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Gordon Setter

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Cerebellar cortical and extrapyramidal nuclear abiotrophy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Onset 9-16 weeks.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Kerry Blue Terrier

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Cerebrospinal demyelination

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Ceroid lipofuscinosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Behavioral changes.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Border Collie

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Cervical calcinosis circumscripta

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Great Dane

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Cervical disc disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pembroke Welsh Corgi

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Cervical vertebrae malformation

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bullmastiff

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Cervical vertebral deformity

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Rhodesian Ridgeback

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Chemodectoma +/- pericardial effusion

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier, Boxer, English Bulldog

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Cheyletiellosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Greyhound, Pekingese

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Choriodal hypoplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Collie

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Choroidal hypoplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A developmental ocular disorder associated with an NHEJ1 deletion in several validated herding breeds; expression can vary.

How it occurs or is acquired

Established causal variant in validated breeds.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Shetland Sheepdog

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Chronic hepatitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Beagle, Cocker Spaniel, Labrador Retriever, Scottish Terrier, West Highland White Terrier

Back to the glossary index

Chronic keratitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Shih Tzu

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Chronic superficial keratitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Chronic superficial keratitis (miniatures)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund

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Ciliary dyskenesia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chinese Shar-Pei

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Circumanal neoplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A neoplastic disorder affecting the tissue named in this entry; behavior and treatment depend on tumor type and stage.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed-associated cancer risk may have a heritable component, but most such risk is complex and not explained by one causal variant.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer, Cocker Spaniel

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Cirrhosis of the liver

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: West Highland White Terrier

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Cleft of lip and palate

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Congenital failure of normal fusion of facial or palatal structures.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund, German Shepherd Dog

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Cleft palate and lips

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Congenital failure of normal fusion of facial or palatal structures.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pug

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Clefts of lip and palate

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Congenital failure of normal fusion of facial or palatal structures.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: American Staffordshire Terrier, Beagle, Bernese Mountain Dog, Boston Terrier, Bulldog, Shih Tzu, Staffordshire Bull Terrier

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Coliform enteritis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Genetic and behavioral factors.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basenji

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Collagen disorder of footpads

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Collapsed trachea

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chihuahua

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Coloboma of optic disc

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Colonic disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bearded Collie, Pointer

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Colonic diseases

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Sometimes intermittent with mucous.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Airedale Terrier

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Colonic perforation

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund

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Color dilutant alopecia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Silky Terrier

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Color dilution alopecia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chow Chow, Dachshund, Doberman Pinscher, Irish Setter, Wire Fox Terrier, Yorkshire Terrier

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Con otrunctal Defects (CTD)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A series of genetically relaed congenital cardiac malformations that include conal septum, conal Ventricular septal defect, Tetralogy of Fallot, and persistant truncus arteriosus.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Keeshond

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Congenital cardiovascular abnromalities

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Congenital deafness

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Partial or complete hearing loss; congenital sensorineural forms have important breed and pigmentation associations.

How it occurs or is acquired

Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Back to the glossary index

Congenital Femoral Shift

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Back to the glossary index

Congenital kink tail

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Back to the glossary index

Congenital laryngeal paralysis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Back to the glossary index

Congenital phimosis and cutaneous mast cell tumors

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Mast-cell tumor of the skin or other tissues; biologic behavior ranges from low to high grade.

How it occurs or is acquired

Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Back to the glossary index

Congenital portosystemic encephalopathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Abnormal vascular communication that allows portal blood to bypass the liver; congenital forms are important in several breeds.

How it occurs or is acquired

Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Back to the glossary index

Congenital seborrhea

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Back to the glossary index

Congenital ventricular, septal defects

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Back to the glossary index

Conjunctival dermoid

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund, Dalmatian

Back to the glossary index

Conjunctival dermoid cyst

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Conjunctivitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Standard Schnauzer

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Constipation

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier, English Bulldog, Irish Setter

Back to the glossary index

Contact dermatitis, alopeccia and eczema

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Inflammation of the skin; the underlying cause may be allergic, infectious, immune-mediated or structural.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bullmastiff

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Contact hypersensitivity

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

Back to the glossary index

Copper induced hepatopathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Liver unable to metabolize copper.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bedlington Terrier

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Copper toxicosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

Back to the glossary index

Copper-associated hepatopathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Skye Terrier, West Highland White Terrier

Back to the glossary index

Corneal dysplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Abnormal development or formation of the named tissue or structure.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Afghan Hound

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Corneal dystrophy (endothelial dystrophy)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Usually bilateral, non-inflammatory corneal opacity or degeneration; inherited forms occur in some breeds.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier

Back to the glossary index

Corneal edema

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chihuahua

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Corneal erosion (superficial)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Corneal leukomas

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basenji

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Corneal opacity

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

Back to the glossary index

Corneal ulcers

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Lhasa Apso, Shih Tzu

Back to the glossary index

Cortical degeneration

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

Back to the glossary index

Cranial bifida

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Back to the glossary index

Craniomandibular osteoarthropathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: English Setter

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Craniomandibular osteodystrophy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A disorder primarily affecting muscle or tissue maintenance; inherited forms are recognized for some diagnoses and breeds.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Doberman Pinscher

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Craniomandibular osteopathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Irregular osseous proliferation of mandible and tympanic bulla.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Border Terrier, Boston Terrier, Cairn Terrier, Labrador Retriever, Lancashire Heeler, Russell Terrier, Scottish Terrier, Skye Terrier, Vizsla, West Highland White Terrier, Yorkshire Terrier

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Crossed eyes

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier

Back to the glossary index

Cushing's disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Excess glucocorticoid activity caused by pituitary, adrenal or iatrogenic disease.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Affenpinscher, Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen

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Cushing's syndrome (Hyperadrenocorticism)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Excess glucocorticoid activity caused by pituitary, adrenal or iatrogenic disease.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dandie Dinmont Terrier

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Cutaneous asthenia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Manchester Terrier, Pembroke Welsh Corgi

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Cutaneous asthenia (Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Connective tissue abnormality.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: English Springer Spaniel

Back to the glossary index

Cutaneous mast cell tumor

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Mast-cell tumor of the skin or other tissues; biologic behavior ranges from low to high grade.

How it occurs or is acquired

Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Weimaraner

Back to the glossary index

Cutaneous mast cell tumors

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Mast-cell tumor of the skin or other tissues; biologic behavior ranges from low to high grade.

How it occurs or is acquired

Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: American Staffordshire Terrier, Bulldog

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Cystic ovaries

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bouvier de Flandres

Back to the glossary index

Cystinuria

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A disorder of renal tubular amino-acid transport that can cause cystine uroliths; inheritance and causal variants differ among breeds.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited disease; genetic heterogeneity.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer, Cairn Terrier, Cardigan Welsh Corgi, Dachshund, German Shepherd Dog, Great Dane, Irish Terrier, Pembroke Welsh Corgi, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties, Scottish Terrier

Back to the glossary index

Cystinuria (SLR)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A disorder of renal tubular amino-acid transport that can cause cystine uroliths; inheritance and causal variants differ among breeds.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited disease; genetic heterogeneity.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

Back to the glossary index

Cysts

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Komondor

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Dacrocystitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

Back to the glossary index

Deafness

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Partial or complete hearing loss; congenital sensorineural forms have important breed and pigmentation associations.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: English Foxhound

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Deafness (cochlear degeneration)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Partial or complete hearing loss; congenital sensorineural forms have important breed and pigmentation associations.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dalmatian

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Dearness

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Border Collie

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Defective heart

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Great Pyrenees

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Deficiency of type II muscle fibers

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Signs include a marked creatinuria and deficiency of muscle mass.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

Back to the glossary index

Deformed tail

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Irish Setter

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Degenerataive valve disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Lhasa Apso

Back to the glossary index

Degenerative Valve Disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Progressive myxomatous degeneration of cardiac valves, most commonly the mitral valve.

How it occurs or is acquired

Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bichon Frise, Boston Terrier, Boykin Spaniel, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Chihuahua, Cocker Spaniel, Dachshund, Miniature Pinscher, Miniature Schnauzer, Pekingese, Pomeranian, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties, Shetland Sheepdog, Shih Tzu, West Highland White Terrier, Whippet, Yorkshire Terrier

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Delayed heat prostration

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Recurring.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pug

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Demodectic mange

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Overgrowth of Demodex mites, often associated with immature or altered host immune control.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pug, Whippet

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Dermatitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Inflammation of the skin; the underlying cause may be allergic, infectious, immune-mediated or structural.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Schipperke, Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier

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Dermatophytosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Trichophyton mentagrophytes, var. erimacei.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Jack Russell Terrier, Yorkshire Terrier

Back to the glossary index

Dermoid cyst

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pembroke Welsh Corgi

Back to the glossary index

Dermoid cyst of cornea

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Weimaraner

Back to the glossary index

Dermoid cyst of the cornea

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Newfoundland

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Dermoid cysts

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Encapsulated masses lined by epidermis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer, Dachshund

Back to the glossary index

Dermoid cysts of cornea

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Thick walled cyst containing sebaceous glands, hair follicles and sweat glands.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Saint Bernard

Back to the glossary index

Dermoids

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Shih Tzu

Back to the glossary index

Diabetes mellitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Inability to oxideze carbohydrates due to faulty pancreatic activity.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

Back to the glossary index

Dilated Cardiomyopathy -- genetic basis not established

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Myocardial disease characterized by ventricular dilation and impaired systolic function; genetic architecture varies by breed.

How it occurs or is acquired

Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Scottish Deerhound

Back to the glossary index

Discoid lupus erythematosus

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Collie, German Shepherd Dog, Shetland Sheepdog, Siberian Husky

Back to the glossary index

Dislocation of the shoulder

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Brussels Griffon, Chihuahua, Miniature Pinscher, Pomeranian

Back to the glossary index

Displaced lacrimal puncta

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chow Chow

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Double eyelashes

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Weimaraner

Back to the glossary index

Drug reaction (sulfas)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Doberman Pinscher

Back to the glossary index

Dwarfism

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Small eyes, tiny and high-set ears, very heavy coat.

How it occurs or is acquired

Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Back to the glossary index

Dysplasia of pectinate ligaments

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Abnormal development or formation of the named tissue or structure.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Samoyed

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Dystocia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Difficult labor.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier, Bouvier de Flandres, Bulldog, English Bulldog, French Bulldog, Pekingese

Back to the glossary index

Ear hematoma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Scottish Terrier

Back to the glossary index

Ear infections

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

Back to the glossary index

Ectasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Finnish Spitz

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Ectasia of sclera

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Excessive tortuosity of retinal vessels.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund

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Ectasia syndrome

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Excessive tortuosity of retinal vessels.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Beagle, German Shepherd Dog, Shetland Sheepdog

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Ectodermal defects

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Symmetrical areas of alopecia (Miniature Poodle).

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

Back to the glossary index

Ectopic cilia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cairn Terrier, Cocker Spaniel, Keeshond, Lhasa Apso, Pekingese, Shetland Sheepdog

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Ectopic ureter (familial relationship)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Back to the glossary index

Ectopic ureters

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Back to the glossary index

Eczema

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Australian Cattle Dog

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Elbow joint malformation

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Bilateral malformation of articular surfaces of proximal radius and ulna.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Afghan Hound

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Elbow osteochondrosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Developmental abnormality of endochondral ossification that can affect articular cartilage and underlying bone.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Golden Retriever

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Elbow osteochondrosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

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Elephant skin

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pomeranian

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Elongated Soft Palate

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Affenpinscher, Chow Chow, French Bulldog, Pekingese, Pug

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Elongated soft palate is common

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bulldog

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Elongated tongue

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Old English Sheepdog

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Encephalitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pug

Back to the glossary index

Endometritis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bouvier de Flandres

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Endothelial dystrophy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Degenerative corneal changes in mesenchymal layer.

How it occurs or is acquired

Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier

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Enlarged foramen magnum

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Skye Terrier

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Enlarged orbit

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Irish Setter, Rottweiler, West Highland White Terrier

Back to the glossary index

Enophthalmos (related to enlarged orbit)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Doberman Pinscher

Back to the glossary index

Enostenosis (Eosinophilic panostitis)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Limb pain and intermittent lameness between the ages of 6 and 12 months.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Entropion (medial canthus)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Inward rolling of the eyelid margin that can cause ocular irritation and corneal injury.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier

Back to the glossary index

Entropion (medial)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Inward rolling of the eyelid margin that can cause ocular irritation and corneal injury.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Lhasa Apso

Back to the glossary index

Entropion (related to enlarged orbit)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Inward rolling of the eyelid margin that can cause ocular irritation and corneal injury.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Collie

Back to the glossary index

Eosinophilic granuloma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Siberian Husky

Back to the glossary index

Eosinophilic Panostitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pointer

Back to the glossary index

Epidermal cysts

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cocker Spaniel

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Epidermal dysplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Abnormal development or formation of the named tissue or structure.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: West Highland White Terrier

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Epiphora

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Excessive tearing.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pomeranian, Poodle — Standard variety, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Epiphyseal dysplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Hindleg joints of puppies sag.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

Back to the glossary index

Episodic collapse

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: English Springer Spaniel

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Episodic weakness and collapse

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Develops after exercise.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

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Epithelial lined cysts of anterior pituitary

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Saint Bernard

Back to the glossary index

Esophageal achalasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier, Cocker Spaniel, German Shepherd Dog, Greyhound, Miniature Schnauzer

Back to the glossary index

Esophageal dilation

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer

Back to the glossary index

Esophageal sarcoma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A neoplastic disorder affecting the tissue named in this entry; behavior and treatment depend on tumor type and stage.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed-associated cancer risk may have a heritable component, but most such risk is complex and not explained by one causal variant.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pointer

Back to the glossary index

Eversion of cartilage of the third eyelid

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Newfoundland

Back to the glossary index

Eversion of nictating membrane

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shorthaired Pointer

Back to the glossary index

Eversion of nictitating membrane

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog, Saint Bernard, Weimaraner

Back to the glossary index

Eversion of the cartilage of the third eyelid

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bullmastiff, Chesapeake Bay Retriever, Doberman Pinscher

Back to the glossary index

Eversion of the nictitating membrane

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Great Dane

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Eversion of the third eyelid

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Afghan Hound

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Excess uric acid excretion

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Predisposition to renal calculi.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dalmatian

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External ear infections, hematoma and moist dermatitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Inflammation of the skin; the underlying cause may be allergic, infectious, immune-mediated or structural.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Black and Tan Coonhound, Bloodhound

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Extra incisor

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.

How it occurs or is acquired

Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bulldog

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Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Conformation-associated upper-airway obstruction caused by combinations of stenotic nares, elongated/thick soft palate and other airway abnormalities.

How it occurs or is acquired

Current veterinary literature and/or breed-health programs support a meaningful breed association. The mechanism may be complex, conformational, polygenic or incompletely characterized.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Affenpinscher, Boston Terrier, Boxer, Brussels Griffon, Bulldog, Chihuahua, English Bulldog, French Bulldog, Pekingese, Pug

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Alaskan Malamute polyneuropathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Inherited or familial peripheral nerve disorder causing weakness, gait abnormalities and, in some forms, laryngeal dysfunction.

How it occurs or is acquired

Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Alaskan Malamute

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Cone degeneration

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.

How it occurs or is acquired

Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Alaskan Malamute, German Shorthaired Pointer, German Wirehaired Pointer, Siberian Husky

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Congenital hypothyroidism with goiter — terrier type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Breed-associated thyroid disease; autoimmune thyroiditis is an important inherited cause of hypothyroidism in dogs.

How it occurs or is acquired

A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: American Hairless Terrier, Rat Terrier, Smooth Fox Terrier, Toy Fox Terrier, Wire Fox Terrier

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Cystinuria — Australian Cattle Dog type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Disorder of renal tubular amino-acid transport that can predispose to cystine urinary stones; genetic mechanisms vary by breed.

How it occurs or is acquired

A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Australian Cattle Dog

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Collie eye anomaly — NHEJ1-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Congenital ocular developmental disorder associated with NHEJ1 in several herding breeds, with variable severity.

How it occurs or is acquired

Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Australian Shepherd, Border Collie, Boykin Spaniel, Collie, Lancashire Heeler, Miniature American Shepherd, Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever, Shetland Sheepdog

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Dentition abnormalities

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.

How it occurs or is acquired

Current parent-club screening guidance identifies this as a breed health concern, but a single causal variant is not necessarily known.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Belgian Laekenois, Cesky Terrier, Komondor

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Cerebellar ataxia 1 — Belgian Shepherd type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.

How it occurs or is acquired

A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Belgian Laekenois, Belgian Malinois, Belgian Sheepdog, Belgian Tervuren

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Cerebellar ataxia 2 — Belgian Shepherd type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.

How it occurs or is acquired

A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Belgian Laekenois, Belgian Malinois, Belgian Sheepdog, Belgian Tervuren

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Adult-onset deafness — familial form

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Hearing loss that may be congenital or inherited depending on the specific breed and molecular cause.

How it occurs or is acquired

A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Border Collie

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Corneal ulceration / brachycephalic ocular surface disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Conformation-associated upper-airway obstruction caused by combinations of stenotic nares, elongated/thick soft palate and other airway abnormalities.

How it occurs or is acquired

Current veterinary literature and/or breed-health programs support a meaningful breed association. The mechanism may be complex, conformational, polygenic or incompletely characterized.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier

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Congenital stationary night blindness — RPE65-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.

How it occurs or is acquired

Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Briard

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Complement C3 deficiency

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.

How it occurs or is acquired

A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Brittany

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Chiari-like malformation / syringomyelia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Developmental mismatch of the caudal skull and brain that can obstruct CSF flow and be associated with syrinx formation.

How it occurs or is acquired

Current veterinary literature and/or breed-health programs support a meaningful breed association. The mechanism may be complex, conformational, polygenic or incompletely characterized.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Brussels Griffon, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

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Congenital macrothrombocytopenia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.

How it occurs or is acquired

A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cairn Terrier

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Dental-retinal-skeletal anomaly

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.

How it occurs or is acquired

Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cane Corso

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Episodic falling syndrome

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.

How it occurs or is acquired

Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

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Dry eye/curly coat syndrome

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.

How it occurs or is acquired

Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

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Ectodermal dysplasia — Chesapeake Bay Retriever type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.

How it occurs or is acquired

A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chesapeake Bay Retriever

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Canine multiple system degeneration

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.

How it occurs or is acquired

A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chinese Crested

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Chondrodysplasia risk variant

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.

How it occurs or is acquired

Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chinook

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Elliptocytosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.

How it occurs or is acquired

A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chow Chow

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Bernard-Soulier syndrome

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.

How it occurs or is acquired

A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cocker Spaniel

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Dermatomyositis genetic risk

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.

How it occurs or is acquired

Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Collie

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Cyclic neutropenia / gray Collie syndrome

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.

How it occurs or is acquired

A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Collie

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Afibrinogenemia — Dachshund type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.

How it occurs or is acquired

A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. Identification alone does not establish prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility; breed-specific validation and OMIA context remain important.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund

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Chondrodysplasia (CDPA)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.

How it occurs or is acquired

A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. Identification alone does not establish prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility; breed-specific validation and OMIA context remain important.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund, English Toy Spaniel, French Bulldog, Löwchen, Maltese, Miniature Pinscher, Pekingese, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties, Pyrenean Shepherd, Russian Tsvetnaya Bolonka, Scottish Terrier, Sealyham Terrier, Shih Tzu, Skye Terrier, Spanish Water Dog, Sussex Spaniel, Weimaraner, Yorkshire Terrier

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Acute respiratory distress syndrome — Dalmatian type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.

How it occurs or is acquired

A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. Identification alone does not establish prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility; breed-specific validation and OMIA context remain important.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dalmatian

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Cervical spondylomyelopathy (Wobbler syndrome)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Cervical vertebral and soft-tissue disease that can compress the spinal cord and cause an ataxic or weak gait.

How it occurs or is acquired

Current veterinary literature and breed-health guidance support a meaningful breed association; the mechanism may be genetic, polygenic, conformational, or multifactorial.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Doberman Pinscher, Great Dane

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Chronic hepatitis / copper-associated hepatopathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Chronic inflammatory or degenerative liver disease; inherited susceptibility is recognized in some breeds.

How it occurs or is acquired

Current veterinary literature and breed-health guidance support a meaningful breed association; the mechanism may be genetic, polygenic, conformational, or multifactorial.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Doberman Pinscher

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Dilated cardiomyopathy risk marker — Doberman variant 1

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Myocardial disease characterized by ventricular dilation and impaired systolic function; inherited risk is strong in Doberman Pinschers, but available genetic markers are incompletely predictive.

How it occurs or is acquired

A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. Identification alone does not establish prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility; breed-specific validation and OMIA context remain important.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Doberman Pinscher

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Dilated cardiomyopathy risk marker — Doberman variant 2

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Myocardial disease characterized by ventricular dilation and impaired systolic function; inherited risk is strong in Doberman Pinschers, but available genetic markers are incompletely predictive.

How it occurs or is acquired

A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. Identification alone does not establish prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility; breed-specific validation and OMIA context remain important.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Doberman Pinscher

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Deafness and vestibular dysfunction — Doberman type, variant 2

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Partial or complete hearing loss; congenital sensorineural deafness is an important inherited or breed-associated disorder in several breeds.

How it occurs or is acquired

A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. Identification alone does not establish prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility; breed-specific validation and OMIA context remain important.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Doberman Pinscher

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Ehlers-Danlos syndrome — Doberman type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.

How it occurs or is acquired

A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. Identification alone does not establish prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility; breed-specific validation and OMIA context remain important.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Doberman Pinscher

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Brachycephalic ocular surface disease / corneal ulceration

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Conformation-associated upper-airway or ocular disease caused by extreme brachycephalic anatomy.

How it occurs or is acquired

Current veterinary literature and breed-health guidance support a meaningful breed association; the mechanism may be genetic, polygenic, conformational, or multifactorial.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: English Bulldog, French Bulldog, Japanese Chin, Pekingese, Pug, Shih Tzu

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Adult-onset neuropathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Inherited progressive peripheral neuropathy of adult English Cocker Spaniels.

How it occurs or is acquired

Current AKC parent-club/breed-specific DNA guidance recommends this test for the breed.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: English Cocker Spaniel

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Chronic hepatitis / hepatopathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Chronic inflammatory or degenerative liver disease; inherited susceptibility is recognized in some breeds.

How it occurs or is acquired

Current veterinary literature and breed-health guidance support a meaningful breed association; the mechanism may be genetic, polygenic, conformational, or multifactorial.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: English Springer Spaniel

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Dilated cardiomyopathy risk — German Pinscher familial form

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Myocardial disease characterized by ventricular dilation and impaired systolic function; breed-specific inheritance is complex in many dogs.

How it occurs or is acquired

A disease-related variant, familial disorder, or breed-relevant molecular test is documented in current canine genetic references. Documentation does not necessarily establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Pinscher

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Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.

How it occurs or is acquired

Current veterinary literature supports a meaningful breed association. The mechanism may be genetic, polygenic, conformational, environmental, or multifactorial.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy — DMD-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Inherited dystrophin-related muscle degeneration causing progressive weakness; X-linked forms are well characterized in several breeds.

How it occurs or is acquired

A disease-related variant, familial disorder, or breed-relevant molecular test is documented in current canine genetic references. Documentation does not necessarily establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shorthaired Pointer, Golden Retriever

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Chondrodysplasia / short-limb phenotype — breed-associated variant

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog

Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.

How it occurs or is acquired

A disease-related variant, familial disorder, or breed-relevant molecular test is documented in current canine genetic references. Documentation does not necessarily establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.

Inheritance and risk

Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.

What a positive genetic test means

No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Havanese