Dr. Bob's Pet Health Information

Canine Health / Genetics

Dog Conditions and Genetic Variants: M–R

Evidence-graded definitions and genetic-test interpretation.

Entries on this page

Malabsorption of cobalamin

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Giant Schnauzer

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Malassezia dermatitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inflammation of the skin; the underlying cause may be allergic, infectious, immune-mediated or structural.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basset Hound, Cocker Spaniel, Dachshund, English Bulldog, English Cocker Spaniel, English Springer Spaniel, Lhasa Apso, West Highland White Terrier

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Male pseudohermaphroditism

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Presence of abdominal testicles, a vulva & an os penis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Malignant neoplasm

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed-associated cancer risk may have a heritable component, but most such risk is complex and not explained by one causal variant.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Standard variety

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Malocclusion

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Mastocytoma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Mast-cell tumor of the skin or other tissues; biologic behavior ranges from low to high grade.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Border Terrier, Boston Terrier, Boxer

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Medial and lateral patellar luxation

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Instability or displacement of the kneecap, usually medial or lateral, that may cause intermittent or persistent lameness.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chinese Shar-Pei

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Medial luxating patella

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Instability or displacement of the kneecap, usually medial or lateral, that may cause intermittent or persistent lameness.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bichon Frise, Pug

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Megaesophagus

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Reduced esophageal motility with generalized dilation, causing regurgitation and risk of aspiration pneumonia.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Flat-Coated Retriever, German Shepherd Dog, Great Dane, Greyhound, Irish Setter, Labrador Retriever, Miniature Schnauzer, Newfoundland, Skye Terrier, Wire Fox Terrier

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Melanoderma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Yorkshire Terrier

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Melanoma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A neoplastic disorder affecting the tissue named in this entry; behavior and treatment depend on tumor type and stage.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed-associated cancer risk may have a heritable component, but most such risk is complex and not explained by one causal variant.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer, German Shorthaired Pointer, Labrador Retriever, Scottish Terrier

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Metabolic bone disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Great Dane, Irish Setter, Saint Bernard

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Microphthalmia

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital abnormally small eye, which may occur alone or with other ocular defects.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000649-9615 — Microphthalmia

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Microphthalmia (result of merle to merle mating)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital abnormally small eye, which may occur alone or with other ocular defects.
How it occurs or is acquired
Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Microscopic portovascular dysplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Abnormal development or formation of the named tissue or structure.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cairn Terrier

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Missing adult teeth

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Clumber Spaniel

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Missing dewclaws

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Great Pyrenees

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Missing teeth

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A common problem.
How it occurs or is acquired
Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Mitral valve d ysplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Great Dane

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Mitral valve defects

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bulldog

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Mitral Valve Disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Progressive myxomatous degeneration of cardiac valves, most commonly the mitral valve.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

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Mitral valve dysplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Abnormal development or formation of the named tissue or structure.
How it occurs or is acquired
Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: English Bulldog

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Mitral valve prolapse

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund

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Mitral valve stenosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Abnormal narrowing of the named structure; clinical importance depends on location and severity.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bull Terrier, Newfoundland

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Mononephrosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Lethal in homozygous state.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Beagle

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Monorchidism

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000659-9615 — Monorchidism

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More prone to urolith formation

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pekingese

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Mucocutaneous bacterial pyoderma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IIIB -- Test available through the University of Pennsylvania

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A lysosomal storage disease caused by deficiency of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase.
How it occurs or is acquired
Established inherited disorder.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Schipperke

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Multiple cardiac defects in one litter

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer

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Multiple Drug Sensitivity

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A well-characterized ABCB1 variant alters P-glycoprotein function and can increase susceptibility to adverse effects from certain medications; risk varies with genotype, drug and dose.
How it occurs or is acquired
Established pharmacogenetic variant.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Collie

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Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
In puppies, the hind leg joints sag, causing swaying gait of hindquarters.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Beagle

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Multiple ocular colobomas

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited syndrome.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Australian Shepherd

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Muscular dystrophy

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A group of inherited muscle diseases characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Golden Retriever, Irish Terrier, Labrador Retriever, Miniature Schnauzer, Rottweiler, Samoyed, Shetland Sheepdog

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000679-9615 — Muscular dystrophy

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Muscular dystrophy (x-linked recessive)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A group of inherited muscle diseases characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited disease; molecular basis depends on the specific form.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dalmatian

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Muzzle furunculosis, bacterial

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer, Doberman Pinscher, English Bulldog, Great Dane

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Muzzle pyoderma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Localized infectious dermatitis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bulldog

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Myasthenia gravis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: English Springer Spaniel, Weimaraner

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Myotonia

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: West Highland White Terrier

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000698-9615 — Myotonia

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Narcolepsy

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Doberman Pinscher, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000703-9615 — Narcolepsy

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Narrow palpebral fissure

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chow Chow, Kerry Blue Terrier, Schipperke, Standard Schnauzer

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Nasal fold trichiasis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pekingese

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Nasal furunculosis, bacterial

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Collie, German Shepherd Dog

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Nasal hypopigmentation

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Golden Retriever

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Nasal solar dermatitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inflammation of the skin; the underlying cause may be allergic, infectious, immune-mediated or structural.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Australian Shepherd, Collie, Shetland Sheepdog

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Necrotizing myelopathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Recessive gene.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Afghan Hound, Great Dane

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Necrotizing panostitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Genetic predisposition.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Beagle

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Neoplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A neoplastic disorder affecting the tissue named in this entry; behavior and treatment depend on tumor type and stage.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed-associated cancer risk may have a heritable component, but most such risk is complex and not explained by one causal variant.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Belgian Sheepdog, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Nephritis

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Miniature Schnauzer

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000708-9615 — Nephritis

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Neuroaxonal dystrophy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A disorder primarily affecting muscle or tissue maintenance; inherited forms are recognized for some diagnoses and breeds.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Rottweiler

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Neurotropic osteopathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Signs at 3-9 months of age.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pointer

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Nodular dermatofibrosis with renal cystadenocarcinoma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A neoplastic disorder affecting the tissue named in this entry; behavior and treatment depend on tumor type and stage.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed-associated cancer risk may have a heritable component, but most such risk is complex and not explained by one causal variant.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Nodular panniculitis (sterile)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund

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Nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Nyatagmus

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

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Nystagmus

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chow Chow

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Obesity

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Multifactorial. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
A positive marker cannot diagnose a multifactorial disorder. It may modify probability and must be combined with phenotype, pedigree, conformation, environment and other known risk factors.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pug

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001258-9615 — Obesity

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Occipital dysplasia

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Abnormal development or formation of the named tissue or structure.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Silky Terrier

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000732-9615 — Occipital dysplasia

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Oligodendroglioma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Tumor of CNS.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Border Terrier, Boston Terrier, Boxer, Bulldog

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Open fontanelles

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pomeranian

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Open urethra

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Optic nerve hypoplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Collie, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Oral eosinophilic granuloma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Siberian Husky

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Oropharyngeal neoplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A neoplastic disorder affecting the tissue named in this entry; behavior and treatment depend on tumor type and stage.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed-associated cancer risk may have a heritable component, but most such risk is complex and not explained by one causal variant.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cocker Spaniel, German Shepherd Dog, German Shorthaired Pointer, Golden Retriever, Weimaraner

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Osteochondritis dissecans

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Developmental abnormality of endochondral ossification that can affect articular cartilage and underlying bone.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Multifactorial. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basset Hound, Bernese Mountain Dog, Border Collie, German Shepherd Dog, Giant Schnauzer, Great Dane, Irish Setter, Vizsla

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000748-9615 — Osteochondritis dissecans

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Osteochondrosis

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Developmental abnormality of endochondral ossification that can affect articular cartilage and underlying bone.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Rottweiler, Vizsla

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000750-9615 — Osteochondrosis

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Osteochondrosis dissecans

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Developmental abnormality of endochondral ossification that can affect articular cartilage and underlying bone.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Saint Bernard, Scottish Deerhound

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Osteochondrosis of the spine

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Developmental abnormality of endochondral ossification that can affect articular cartilage and underlying bone.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: American Foxhound, English Foxhound

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Osteodystrophy

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Radial carpal joints.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basset Hound

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000753-9615 — Osteodystrophy

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Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Deficient or delayed bone development.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Standard variety, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Osteopetrosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Clinically similar to "swimmer" pups.
How it occurs or is acquired
Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Osteosarcoma

Evidence status: Current OMIA inherited-phenotype record matched; molecular definition may be incomplete

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Aggressive primary bone cancer with strong breed and body-size associations.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Doberman Pinscher, German Shepherd Dog, Golden Retriever, Great Dane, Great Pyrenees, Greyhound, Irish Setter, Irish Wolfhound, Leonberger, Mastiff, Rottweiler, Saint Bernard, Scottish Deerhound

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001441-9615 — Osteosarcoma

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Otitis externa

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Result of ears close to head, irritation.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basset Hound, Chinese Shar-Pei, Cocker Spaniel, English Cocker Spaniel, English Springer Spaniel, German Shepherd Dog, Kerry Blue Terrier, Labrador Retriever, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Otocephalic syndrome

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Low grade characterized by partial agnathia, hydrocephalus, and parietal fontanelles defects.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Beagle

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Overly long hairs on the eyelid skin and cilia (upper lashes)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Oversize palpebral fissure

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Afghan Hound, Bulldog

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Oversized palpebral fissure

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basset Hound, Chow Chow, Cocker Spaniel, Rottweiler, Saint Bernard

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Oversized upper eyelashes

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cocker Spaniel

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Palpebral dermoid

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Pancreatic carcinoma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A neoplastic disorder affecting the tissue named in this entry; behavior and treatment depend on tumor type and stage.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed-associated cancer risk may have a heritable component, but most such risk is complex and not explained by one causal variant.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Airedale Terrier

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Pancreatic insufficiency

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Pancreatic problems

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Belgian Tervuren

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Pancreatitis

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Miniature Schnauzer

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001403-9615 — Pancreatitis, hereditary

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Panniculitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inflammatory condition of the subcutaneous fat.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund

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Pannus

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Parrot mouth

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Partial alopecia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Affects 2/3 of body including head, trunk (ventral) , dorsal pelvic region and proximal legs.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Whippet

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Patella luxation

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Instability or displacement of the kneecap, usually medial or lateral, that may cause intermittent or persistent lameness.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Affenpinscher, Basset Hound, Chihuahua, Pomeranian

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Patellar luxation

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Instability or displacement of the kneecap, usually medial or lateral, that may cause intermittent or persistent lameness.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Multifactorial. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Affenpinscher, Alaskan Klee Kai, American Hairless Terrier, American Pit Bull Terrier, Australian Terrier, Basset Fauve de Bretagne, Bedlington Terrier, Bichon Frise, Biewer Terrier, Border Terrier, Boston Terrier, Boykin Spaniel, Brussels Griffon, Bull Terrier, Bulldog, Cairn Terrier, Canaan Dog, Cane Corso, Carolina Dog, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Cesky Terrier, Chihuahua, Chinese Crested, Chinese Shar-Pei, Chow Chow, Cocker Spaniel, Coton de Tulear, Dachshund, Dandie Dinmont Terrier, English Bulldog, English Cocker Spaniel, English Springer Spaniel, Entlebucher Mountain Dog, Finnish Lapphund, Flat-Coated Retriever, French Bulldog, Great Pyrenees, Havanese, Italian Greyhound, Japanese Chin, Keeshond, Lagotto Romagnolo, Lhasa Apso, Löwchen, Maltese, Mastiff, Miniature Pinscher, Mudi, Nederlandse Kooikerhondje, Norfolk Terrier, Norwegian Lundehund, Norwich Terrier, Papillon, Parson Russell Terrier, Pharaoh Hound, Pomeranian, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties, Portuguese Podengo Pequeno, Pug, Puli, Pumi, Pyrenean Shepherd, Rat Terrier, Russell Terrier, Russian Toy, Russian Tsvetnaya Bolonka, Schipperke, Scottish Terrier, Shiba Inu, Shih Tzu, Silky Terrier, Smooth Fox Terrier, Tibetan Spaniel, Tibetan Terrier, Toy Fox Terrier, West Highland White Terrier, Wire Fox Terrier, Xoloitzcuintli, Yorkshire Terrier

Breed-evidence source: Alaskan Klee Kai Club of America — Health

Breed-evidence source: UPEI/CVMA Canine Inherited Disorders Database — Patellar luxation

Breed-evidence source: Carolina Dog Fanciers of America — breeder health-testing recommendations

Breed-evidence source: AKC Hound Group Health Testing Requirements

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000778-9615 — Patellar luxation

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Patent ductus arteriosus

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth, producing an abnormal vascular connection.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000779-9615 — Patent ductus arteriosus

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Pattern alopecia (ears)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund

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Pattern alopecia (ventral)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund

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Pattern baldness

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Males have bilateral alopecia of the ear pinnae.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund

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Patterned alopecia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier

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Pedal furunculosis, bacterial

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer, Great Dane, Old English Sheepdog

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Pemphigus

Evidence status: Current OMIA inherited-phenotype record matched; molecular definition may be incomplete

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bichon Frise

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001188-9615 — Pemphigus

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Pemphigus erythematosus

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Collie, German Shepherd Dog

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Pemphigus foliaceus

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Akita, Bearded Collie, Chow Chow, Dachshund, Finnish Spitz, Newfoundland, Schipperke

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Perianal adenomas

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Occurs in older dogs.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Standard Schnauzer

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Perianal fistula

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Pericardial effusion - idiopathic

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever

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Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Persistent aortic arch

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A congenital vascular-ring anomaly that can constrict the esophagus and cause regurgitation in young dogs.
How it occurs or is acquired
Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Persistent atrial standstill

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: English Springer Spaniel, Old English Sheepdog

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Persistent hyaloid artery

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Persistent hyperplastic vitreous

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Persistent penile frenulum

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pekingese, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Persistent pupillary membrane

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Autosomal dominant.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basenji, Shetland Sheepdog

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Persistent right aortic arch

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A congenital vascular-ring anomaly that can constrict the esophagus and cause regurgitation in young dogs.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000794-9615 — Persistent right aortic arch

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Phimosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Phosphofructokinase deficiency

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
An inherited glycolytic enzyme deficiency that can cause hemolysis and exercise intolerance.
How it occurs or is acquired
Established inherited disorder.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: English Springer Spaniel

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Photophobia and blepharospasm

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Usually only in puppies.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chinese Shar-Pei

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Pigmentary keratitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pekingese, Pug

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Pinched nostril

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pug

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Pinnal thrombovascular necrosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chihuahua

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Pituitary dwarfism

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Pituitary tumor

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A neoplastic disorder affecting the tissue named in this entry; behavior and treatment depend on tumor type and stage.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed-associated cancer risk may have a heritable component, but most such risk is complex and not explained by one causal variant.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier

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Platelet disorder

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Mild to moderately severe bleeding.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basset Hound, Otterhound

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Polygenic behavioral abnormalities

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cocker Spaniel

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Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Osteophytes and cyst formation in distal metaphyses of ulna and radius.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Doberman Pinscher

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Poor pigmentation

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Maltese

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Porto systemic liver shunt -- genetic basis not established

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Scottish Deerhound

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Postnatal cerebellar

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

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Predisposition of melanoma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A neoplastic disorder affecting the tissue named in this entry; behavior and treatment depend on tumor type and stage.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed-associated cancer risk may have a heritable component, but most such risk is complex and not explained by one causal variant.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Keeshond

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Predisposition to dystocia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Anatomical peculiarities.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bulldog, Cardigan Welsh Corgi, Greyhound

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Premature closure of the distal radius

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Skye Terrier

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Primary glaucoma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Optic nerve and retinal damage associated with pathologically increased intraocular pressure.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basset Hound, Beagle, Cocker Spaniel, English Cocker Spaniel, Welsh Springer Spaniel

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Primary hyperparathyroidism

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Keeshond

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Primary hypothyroidism

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Reduced thyroid hormone production, most often due to acquired thyroid gland disease in adult dogs.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Airedale Terrier, Cocker Spaniel

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000538-9615 — Hypothyroidism, primary

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Primary megaesophagus

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Reduced esophageal motility with generalized dilation, causing regurgitation and risk of aspiration pneumonia.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chinese Shar-Pei, Irish Setter

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Primary retinal dystrophy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A disorder primarily affecting muscle or tissue maintenance; inherited forms are recognized for some diagnoses and breeds.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: English Springer Spaniel

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Primary uterine inertia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Noncontraction of uterine muscle with an unobstructed birth canal.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Border Terrier, Scottish Terrier

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Progressive ataxia

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Great Dane

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001091-9615 — Ataxia, progressive

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Progressive posterior paralysis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Occurs in middle age to older dogs.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Progressive retinal atrophy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A group of inherited retinal degenerations causing progressive loss of vision; the causal gene and age of onset vary substantially by breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited retinal disease; genetically heterogeneous.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Akita, Australian Shepherd, Basenji, Beagle, Bearded Collie, Border Terrier, Briard, Bullmastiff, Canaan Dog, Chesapeake Bay Retriever, Cocker Spaniel, Collie, Dachshund, English Setter, Irish Wolfhound, Italian Greyhound, Lhasa Apso, Miniature Pinscher, Miniature Schnauzer, Pekingese, Pointer, Pomeranian, Poodle — Standard variety, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties, Portuguese Water Dog, Saluki, Shih Tzu, Siberian Husky, Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier, Tibetan Spaniel, Vizsla

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Progressive Retinal atrophy -- simple recessive -- testing available from Optigen www.optigen.com

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A group of inherited retinal degenerations causing progressive loss of vision; the causal gene and age of onset vary substantially by breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited retinal disease; genetically heterogeneous.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Australian Cattle Dog

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Progressive retinal degeneration

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A group of inherited retinal degenerations causing progressive loss of vision; the causal gene and age of onset vary substantially by breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited retinal disease; genetically heterogeneous.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basset Hound, Cairn Terrier, Cocker Spaniel, Gordon Setter, Old English Sheepdog, Pointer, Saluki, Samoyed

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Progressive retinal degeneration (standard and miniatures)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A group of inherited retinal degenerations causing progressive loss of vision; the causal gene and age of onset vary substantially by breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited retinal disease; genetically heterogeneous.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund

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Progressive retinal degeneration type I

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A group of inherited retinal degenerations causing progressive loss of vision; the causal gene and age of onset vary substantially by breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited retinal disease; genetically heterogeneous.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chesapeake Bay Retriever, Collie

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Progressive retinal degeneration type I (rod dysplasia)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A group of inherited retinal degenerations causing progressive loss of vision; the causal gene and age of onset vary substantially by breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited retinal disease; genetically heterogeneous.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Norwegian Elkhound

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Progressive retinal degeneration type I (rod-cone dysplasia)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A group of inherited retinal degenerations causing progressive loss of vision; the causal gene and age of onset vary substantially by breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited retinal disease; genetically heterogeneous.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Irish Setter

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Progressive retinal degeneration type II

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A group of inherited retinal degenerations causing progressive loss of vision; the causal gene and age of onset vary substantially by breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited retinal disease; genetically heterogeneous.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chesapeake Bay Retriever, English Springer Spaniel

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Progressive retinal degeneration type II (central retinal atrophy)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A group of inherited retinal degenerations causing progressive loss of vision; the causal gene and age of onset vary substantially by breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited retinal disease; genetically heterogeneous.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Briard, Collie

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Progressive rod-cone degeneration

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Prolapsed male urethra

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bulldog

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Prolapsed rectum

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

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Prolapsed uterus

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

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Proliferative keratoconjunctivitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Collie

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Prolonged anesthesia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: English Setter

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Prone to cystitis and bladder stones

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Miniature Schnauzer

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Protein-losing enteropathy

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Multifactorial. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Norwegian Lundehund, Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001325-9615 — Protein-losing enteropathy

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Protrusion of the gland of the third eyelid

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basset Hound, Boston Terrier, Cocker Spaniel

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Pseudocushings syndrome

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Curly-Coated Retriever

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Pseudocyesis and pyometra

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
False pregnancy and sometimes subsequent pus-filled uterus.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier

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Psoriasiform-lichenoid dermatosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A skin disorder causing inflammation, scaling, hair loss, pruritus or other cutaneous abnormalities depending on the specific condition.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: English Springer Spaniel

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Pulmonic Stenosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital narrowing at or near the pulmonary valve that obstructs right ventricular outflow.
How it occurs or is acquired
Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Puppy eye syndrome

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Portuguese Water Dog

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Pyloric stenosis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Hypertrophic obstruction of the pyloric office of the stomach.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bulldog

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Pyoderma

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: English Setter

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001877-9615 — Pyoderma

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Pyogranulomatous and vasculitic disorder of nasal planum

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Scottish Terrier

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Pyometra

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Field Spaniel, Scottish Terrier

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Pyotraumatic dermatitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inflammation of the skin; the underlying cause may be allergic, infectious, immune-mediated or structural.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Collie, German Shepherd Dog, Golden Retriever, Great Pyrenees, Labrador Retriever, Newfoundland

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Pyotraumatic dermatitis (hot spots)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inflammation of the skin; the underlying cause may be allergic, infectious, immune-mediated or structural.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Saint Bernard

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Pyotraumatic folliculitis and furunculosis, bacterial

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Golden Retriever

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Pyruvate kinase deficiency

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
An inherited red-cell enzyme deficiency that causes chronic regenerative hemolytic anemia in affected breeds.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basenji, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties, West Highland White Terrier

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000844-9615 — Pyruvate kinase deficiency of erythrocyte

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Pyruvate kinase deficiency, non spherocytic hemolytic anemia

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
An inherited red-cell enzyme deficiency that causes chronic regenerative hemolytic anemia in affected breeds.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Beagle

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000844-9615 — Pyruvate kinase deficiency of erythrocyte

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Quadriplegia with amblyopia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Progressive.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Irish Setter

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Receptor dystrophy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A disorder primarily affecting muscle or tissue maintenance; inherited forms are recognized for some diagnoses and breeds.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

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Recessive cataract, bilateral

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Opacity of the lens that can impair vision; inherited and non-inherited forms occur.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier

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Recessive ectasia (Collie eye anomaly)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A developmental ocular disorder associated with an NHEJ1 deletion in several validated herding breeds; expression can vary.
How it occurs or is acquired
Established causal variant in validated breeds.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Collie

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Recessive Hemeralopia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Cannot see in bright light.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Alaskan Malamute

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Recessive juvenile amaurotic idiocy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Dullness and reduced vision at around 12-15 months of age.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: English Setter

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Recessive umbilical hernia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Protrusion of abdominal contents or fat through an incompletely closed umbilical ring.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bull Terrier

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Redundant facial skin

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Saint Bernard

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Redundant forehead skin

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bloodhound, Bulldog, Chow Chow

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Redundant skin of the forehead

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cocker Spaniel

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Reflex regurgitation

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bulldog, Shiba Inu

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Renal amyloidosis

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chinese Shar-Pei, Cocker Spaniel

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000040-9615 — Amyloidosis, renal

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Renal cortical hupoplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Proven in this breed to be inherited.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Lhasa Apso

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Renal cortical hypoplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Autosomal recessive gene.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Alaskan Malamute, Bedlington Terrier, Norwegian Elkhound, Shih Tzu

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Renal dysplasia

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Abnormal development of renal tissue that may lead to chronic kidney disease.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001135-9615 — Renal dysplasia

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Renal dysplasia (genetic basis)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Abnormal development of renal tissue that may lead to chronic kidney disease.
How it occurs or is acquired
Inherited/familial basis reported; molecular basis may be breed-specific or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Renal hypoplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Polydypsia.
How it occurs or is acquired
Congenital/developmental; a genetic contribution may exist in some breeds, but congenital does not by itself prove inheritance.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

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Renal tubular dysfunction

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basenji

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Retained cartilage of distal ulna

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Saint Bernard

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Retinal atrophy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Retinal detachment

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Australian Shepherd, Labrador Retriever, Old English Sheepdog, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties, Saluki, Samoyed, Shih Tzu

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000275-9615 — Retinal detachment

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Retinal dysplasia

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Abnormal retinal development ranging from folds to severe malformation or detachment.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Sealyham Terrier

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000868-9615 — Retinal dysplasia

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Retinal dystrophy

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A disorder primarily affecting muscle or tissue maintenance; inherited forms are recognized for some diagnoses and breeds.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Greyhound

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000869-9615 — Retinal dystrophy

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Retinal folds

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Chow Chow

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Reverse rear legs

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cocker Spaniel

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Rhinitis syndrome

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inflammation of mucous membrane of the nose.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Irish Wolfhound

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Right atrial hemangiosarcoma +/- pericardial effusion

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Aggressive malignant tumor of vascular endothelial cells, often affecting spleen, heart or liver.
How it occurs or is acquired
Strong or moderate complex/polygenic breed contribution; not a simple single-gene disorder in most dogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, German Shepherd Dog, Golden Retriever, Irish Setter, Labrador Retriever

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Robertsonian translocation

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A condition retained from the original breed-predisposition reference. The exact phenotype and current evidence should be interpreted in the context of the specific breed and diagnosis.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association retained from the original page; specific genetic basis is not established in this reference page.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties

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Protein-losing nephropathy risk variant

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Airedale Terrier

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Primary ciliary dyskinesia — Alaskan Malamute type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Alaskan Malamute

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Progressive retinal atrophy — prcd

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited progressive retinal degeneration causing visual impairment; the causal gene and age at onset vary by subtype and breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: American Eskimo Dog, American Hairless Terrier, Australian Cattle Dog, Australian Shepherd, Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog, Barbet, Biewer Terrier, Carolina Dog, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Chesapeake Bay Retriever, Chihuahua, Chinese Crested, Cocker Spaniel, English Cocker Spaniel, Entlebucher Mountain Dog, Finnish Lapphund, Giant Schnauzer, Golden Retriever, Irish Water Spaniel, Karelian Bear Dog, Kuvasz, Labrador Retriever, Lagotto Romagnolo, Miniature American Shepherd, Norwegian Elkhound, Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever, Pomeranian, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties, Portuguese Podengo Pequeno, Portuguese Water Dog, Rat Terrier, Russian Tsvetnaya Bolonka, Schipperke, Silky Terrier, Spanish Water Dog, Toy Fox Terrier, Yorkshire Terrier

Breed-evidence source: AKC Breed-Specific DNA Testing Recommendations

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001298-9615 — Progressive rod-cone degeneration, PRCD-related

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Primary lens luxation

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited or breed-associated weakening of lens zonules causing displacement of the lens and risk of glaucoma.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: American Eskimo Dog, American Hairless Terrier, Australian Cattle Dog, Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog, Biewer Terrier, Bull Terrier, Carolina Dog, Cesky Terrier, Chihuahua, Chinese Crested, Jack Russell Terrier, Jagdterrier, Lakeland Terrier, Lancashire Heeler, Miniature Bull Terrier, Norfolk Terrier, Norwich Terrier, Parson Russell Terrier, Portuguese Podengo, Portuguese Podengo Pequeno, Puli, Pumi, Rat Terrier, Russell Terrier, Sealyham Terrier, Smooth Fox Terrier, Tibetan Terrier, Toy Fox Terrier, Welsh Terrier, Wire Fox Terrier, Yorkshire Terrier

Breed-evidence source: AKC Breed-Specific DNA Testing Recommendations

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Prekallikrein deficiency

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: American Hairless Terrier, Shih Tzu

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000819-9615 — Prekallikrein deficiency

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Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 4A

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited lysosomal storage disease causing progressive neurologic dysfunction; several genetically distinct canine forms exist.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: American Staffordshire Terrier, Bull Terrier

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Progressive retinal atrophy — cone-rod dystrophy 1

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited progressive retinal degeneration causing visual impairment; the causal gene and age at onset vary by subtype and breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: American Staffordshire Terrier

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Progressive retinal atrophy — cone-rod dystrophy 2

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited progressive retinal degeneration causing visual impairment; the causal gene and age at onset vary by subtype and breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: American Staffordshire Terrier

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Progressive retinal atrophy — rcd4

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited progressive retinal degeneration causing visual impairment; the causal gene and age at onset vary by subtype and breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Australian Cattle Dog, English Setter, Gordon Setter, Irish Setter, Japanese Spitz, Polish Lowland Sheepdog, Poodle — Standard variety, Poodle — Toy and Miniature varieties, Tibetan Terrier

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Myotonia congenita — Australian Cattle Dog type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Australian Cattle Dog

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Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 12 — ATP13A2-related

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited lysosomal storage disease causing progressive neurologic dysfunction; several genetically distinct canine forms exist.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Australian Cattle Dog

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Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 8 — Australian Shepherd type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited lysosomal storage disease causing progressive neurologic dysfunction; several genetically distinct canine forms exist.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Australian Shepherd

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Progressive retinal atrophy — Basenji type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited progressive retinal degeneration causing visual impairment; the causal gene and age at onset vary by subtype and breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basenji

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Pyruvate kinase deficiency — PKLR-associated

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basenji

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000844-9615 — Pyruvate kinase deficiency of erythrocyte

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Mucopolysaccharidosis I

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basset Hound

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000664-9615 — Mucopolysaccharidosis I

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Primary open-angle glaucoma — Basset Hound type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basset Hound

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Musladin-Lueke syndrome

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Beagle

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Neonatal cerebellar cortical degeneration

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Beagle

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Pyruvate kinase deficiency — Beagle type

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Beagle

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000844-9615 — Pyruvate kinase deficiency of erythrocyte

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Osteogenesis imperfecta — Beagle type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Beagle

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Mucopolysaccharidosis VII — shepherd type

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Belgian Laekenois, Belgian Malinois, Belgian Sheepdog, Belgian Tervuren

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000667-9615 — Mucopolysaccharidosis VII

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Mast cell tumor / lymphoma risk

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature and/or breed-health programs support a meaningful breed association. The mechanism may be complex, conformational, polygenic or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bernese Mountain Dog

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Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 5

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited lysosomal storage disease causing progressive neurologic dysfunction; several genetically distinct canine forms exist.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog, Border Collie, Golden Retriever

Breed-evidence source: AKC Breed-Specific DNA Testing Recommendations

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001482-9615 — Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, 5

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Mucopolysaccharidosis I — Boston Terrier type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boston Terrier

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Mast cell tumor

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature and/or breed-health programs support a meaningful breed association. The mechanism may be complex, conformational, polygenic or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boxer, Golden Retriever

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PFK deficiency / glycogen storage disease VII

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boykin Spaniel, Cocker Spaniel, English Cocker Spaniel, English Springer Spaniel, Whippet

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Myotubular myopathy 1 — Boykin Spaniel type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boykin Spaniel

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Progressive retinal atrophy — crd4

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited progressive retinal degeneration causing visual impairment; the causal gene and age at onset vary by subtype and breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Boykin Spaniel, Dachshund, Field Spaniel, French Bulldog, Portuguese Podengo Pequeno, Pumi

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Protein-losing kidney disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current parent-club screening guidance identifies this as a breed health concern, but a single causal variant is not necessarily known.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bull Terrier

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Progressive retinal atrophy — Bullmastiff/Mastiff type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited progressive retinal degeneration causing visual impairment; the causal gene and age at onset vary by subtype and breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Bullmastiff, Mastiff

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Renal aplasia / renal dysplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current parent-club screening guidance identifies this as a breed health concern, but a single causal variant is not necessarily known.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cairn Terrier

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Ocular melanosis

Evidence status: Current OMIA inherited-phenotype record matched; molecular definition may be incomplete

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal dominant. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cairn Terrier

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001804-9615 — Ocular melanosis

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Portosystemic vascular anomaly / microvascular dysplasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current parent-club screening guidance identifies this as a breed health concern, but a single causal variant is not necessarily known.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cairn Terrier

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Pyruvate kinase deficiency — terrier type

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cairn Terrier, West Highland White Terrier

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000844-9615 — Pyruvate kinase deficiency of erythrocyte

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Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 1 — Cane Corso type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited lysosomal storage disease causing progressive neurologic dysfunction; several genetically distinct canine forms exist.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cane Corso

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Progressive retinal atrophy — rcd3

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited progressive retinal degeneration causing visual impairment; the causal gene and age at onset vary by subtype and breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cardigan Welsh Corgi, Chinese Crested, Pembroke Welsh Corgi, Pomeranian

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Myxomatous mitral valve disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Progressive myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve, especially important in predisposed small breeds.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature and/or breed-health programs support a meaningful breed association. The mechanism may be complex, conformational, polygenic or incompletely characterized.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

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Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 7

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited lysosomal storage disease causing progressive neurologic dysfunction; several genetically distinct canine forms exist.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chihuahua, Chinese Crested

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001962-9615 — Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, 7

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Primary open-angle glaucoma

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chihuahua, Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen

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Primary open-angle glaucoma with primary lens luxation — Shar-Pei type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited or breed-associated weakening of lens zonules causing displacement of the lens and risk of glaucoma.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in this breed. This does not necessarily mean the disorder is common, that the variant is fully penetrant, or that the test is appropriate for every lineage; OMIA and breed-specific validation should be consulted.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Chinese Shar-Pei

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Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase 1 deficiency

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Clumber Spaniel

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Progressive retinal atrophy — rcd2

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited progressive retinal degeneration causing visual impairment; the causal gene and age at onset vary by subtype and breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Collie

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Neonatal cerebellar ataxia / Bander's neonatal ataxia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Coton de Tulear

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Primary hyperoxaluria type 1

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a documented breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in current canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Coton de Tulear

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Progressive retinal atrophy — crd4/cord1

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited progressive retinal degeneration causing visual impairment; the causal gene and age at onset vary by subtype and breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific health guidance includes DNA testing or targeted screening for this disorder. The exact predictive value and inheritance pattern should be interpreted using the validated test and breed-specific literature.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Curly-Coated Retriever, English Springer Spaniel

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Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA — Dachshund type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. Identification alone does not establish prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility; breed-specific validation and OMIA context remain important.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund

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Narcolepsy — Dachshund type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. Identification alone does not establish prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility; breed-specific validation and OMIA context remain important.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund

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Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 1

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. Identification alone does not establish prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility; breed-specific validation and OMIA context remain important.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund

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Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 2

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001472-9615 — Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, 2

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Osteogenesis imperfecta — Dachshund type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. Identification alone does not establish prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility; breed-specific validation and OMIA context remain important.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund

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Progressive retinal atrophy — cone-rod dystrophy, Dachshund type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited retinal degeneration causing progressive vision loss; molecular cause and age of onset vary by subtype and breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. Identification alone does not establish prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility; breed-specific validation and OMIA context remain important.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Dachshund

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Narcolepsy — Doberman type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. Identification alone does not establish prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility; breed-specific validation and OMIA context remain important.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Doberman Pinscher

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Oculocutaneous albinism — Doberman type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. Identification alone does not establish prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility; breed-specific validation and OMIA context remain important.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Doberman Pinscher

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Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 8 — setter type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. Identification alone does not establish prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility; breed-specific validation and OMIA context remain important.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: English Setter

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Pompe disease / glycogen storage disease II

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited lysosomal acid alpha-glucosidase deficiency causing glycogen accumulation, especially in muscle.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current AKC parent-club health guidance identifies this as a breed screening priority; a single causal variant is not necessarily known.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Finnish Lapphund

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Oculocutaneous albinism — small-breed type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related DNA variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. Identification alone does not establish prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility; breed-specific validation and OMIA context remain important.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: French Bulldog, Lhasa Apso, Pekingese, Pomeranian

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Pituitary dwarfism / combined pituitary hormone deficiency — LHX3-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital combined pituitary hormone deficiency causing proportionate dwarfism, retained puppy coat and endocrine abnormalities.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant, familial disorder, or breed-relevant molecular test is documented in current canine genetic references. Documentation does not necessarily establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

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Mucopolysaccharidosis VII — GUSB-associated

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: German Shepherd Dog

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000667-9615 — Mucopolysaccharidosis VII

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Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant, familial disorder, or breed-relevant molecular test is documented in current canine genetic references. Documentation does not necessarily establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Giant Schnauzer, Miniature Schnauzer, Standard Schnauzer

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Progressive retinal atrophy — crd3

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited progressive retinal degeneration causing vision loss; molecular cause and age of onset vary by subtype and breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific guidance recommends or specifically supports testing for this disorder.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Glen of Imaal Terrier

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Progressive retinal atrophy 1 — Golden Retriever type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited progressive retinal degeneration causing vision loss; molecular cause and age of onset vary by subtype and breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific guidance recommends or specifically supports testing for this disorder.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Golden Retriever

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Progressive retinal atrophy 2 — Golden Retriever type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited progressive retinal degeneration causing vision loss; molecular cause and age of onset vary by subtype and breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific guidance recommends or specifically supports testing for this disorder.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Golden Retriever

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Progressive retinal atrophy — rcd1

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited progressive retinal degeneration causing vision loss; molecular cause and age of onset vary by subtype and breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant, familial disorder, or breed-relevant molecular test is documented in current canine genetic references. Documentation does not necessarily establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Gordon Setter, Irish Red and White Setter, Irish Setter

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Multifocal retinopathy 1

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: American Bulldog, Great Dane

Breed-evidence source: AKC Breed-Specific DNA Testing Recommendations

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001444-9615 — Multifocal retinopathy 1

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Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 8 — Great Pyrenees type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant, familial disorder, or breed-relevant molecular test is documented in current canine genetic references. Documentation does not necessarily establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Great Pyrenees

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Malignant hyperthermia — RYR1-associated

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal dominant. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated dominant test, one disease-associated copy may be sufficient to confer risk. Age of onset, penetrance and variable expression determine whether and how severely disease develops.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Greyhound

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000621-9615 — Malignant hyperthermia

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Progressive retinal atrophy — Irish Wolfhound type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited progressive retinal degeneration causing vision loss; molecular cause and age of onset vary by subtype and breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant, familial disorder, or breed-relevant molecular test is documented in current canine genetic references. Documentation does not necessarily establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Irish Wolfhound

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Periodontal disease / early dental disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature supports a meaningful breed association. The mechanism may be genetic, polygenic, conformational, environmental, or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Italian Greyhound

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Progressive retinal atrophy — breed-associated susceptibility

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited progressive retinal degeneration causing vision loss; molecular cause and age of onset vary by subtype and breed.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific guidance recommends or specifically supports testing for this disorder.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Italian Greyhound

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Primary closed-angle glaucoma susceptibility

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Optic nerve and retinal damage associated with pathologically increased intraocular pressure.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific guidance recommends or specifically supports testing for this disorder.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Italian Greyhound

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Primary hyperparathyroidism — PHPT-associated test

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Excess parathyroid hormone secretion causing hypercalcemia; a heritable breed-associated form is well characterized in Keeshonden.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific or parent-club guidance recommends this DNA test for the breed.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Keeshond

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Obesity / excess body condition

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature or breed-health guidance supports a meaningful breed association; the mechanism may be genetic, polygenic, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

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Osteoarthritis / degenerative joint disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature or breed-health guidance supports a meaningful breed association; the mechanism may be genetic, polygenic, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

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Retinal dysplasia / oculoskeletal dysplasia 1

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or breed-relevant test is documented in current canine genetic references. Identification does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

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Polycystic kidney disease — PKD1-associated Lagotto form

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited renal cystic disease; a PKD1-associated form has been characterized in Lagotto Romagnolos.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or breed-relevant test is documented in current canine genetic references. Identification does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Lagotto Romagnolo

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Retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy (formerly central progressive retinal atrophy)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A retinal pigment epithelium disorder historically called central progressive retinal atrophy. It is distinct from the classic generalized progressive retinal atrophies.
How it occurs or is acquired
Breed association has been reported historically, but the molecular basis is not established as a single validated Mendelian disorder in Labrador Retrievers.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Labrador Retriever

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Necrotizing meningoencephalitis / immune-mediated encephalitis

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature and/or breed-health guidance supports a meaningful breed association; mechanism may be inherited, polygenic, conformational, immune-mediated, or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Maltese

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Periodontal disease

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature and/or breed-health guidance supports a meaningful breed association; mechanism may be inherited, polygenic, conformational, immune-mediated, or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Maltese

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Neuroaxonal dystrophy — Miniature American Shepherd type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current parent-club/AKC breed guidance recommends this DNA test or targeted genetic screening.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Miniature American Shepherd

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Mucopolysaccharidosis VI — Miniature Pinscher type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed guidance lists this as an optional breed-relevant DNA test.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Miniature Pinscher

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Primary hypertriglyceridemia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Breed-associated primary elevation of serum triglycerides, especially common in Miniature Schnauzers.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature and/or breed-health guidance supports a meaningful breed association; mechanism may be inherited, polygenic, conformational, immune-mediated, or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Miniature Schnauzer

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Mycobacterium avium complex susceptibility — breed-associated genetic risk

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Breed-associated susceptibility to disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection linked to impaired host defense.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed guidance lists this as an optional breed-relevant DNA test.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Miniature Schnauzer

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Myotonia congenita — Schnauzer type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited skeletal-muscle chloride-channel disorder causing delayed muscle relaxation and stiffness.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed guidance lists this as an optional breed-relevant DNA test.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Miniature Schnauzer, Standard Schnauzer

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Progressive retinal atrophy type B — HIVEP3-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed guidance lists this as an optional breed-relevant DNA test.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Miniature Schnauzer

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Mucopolysaccharidosis VI — Miniature Schnauzer type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A breed-related variant or DNA test is documented in current canine genetic references; this does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Miniature Schnauzer

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Primary open-angle glaucoma — Norwegian Elkhound type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A breed-related variant or DNA test is documented in current canine genetic references; this does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Norwegian Elkhound

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Protein-losing enteropathy / intestinal lymphangiectasia (Lundehund syndrome)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Breed-associated gastrointestinal syndrome characterized by intestinal disease, protein loss and often lymphangiectasia.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature and/or breed-health guidance supports a meaningful breed association; mechanism may be inherited, polygenic, conformational, immune-mediated, or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Norwegian Lundehund

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Primary ciliary dyskinesia — Old English Sheepdog type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited motile-cilia disorder causing chronic respiratory disease and sometimes reproductive abnormalities.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed guidance lists this as an optional breed-relevant DNA test.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Old English Sheepdog

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Mitochondrial myopathy — Old English Sheepdog (historical report)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
A group of disorders caused by abnormal mitochondrial energy metabolism that can produce muscle weakness and exercise intolerance.
How it occurs or is acquired
The legacy Old English Sheepdog entry appears to refer to mitochondrial myopathy, but the exact historical phenotype and molecular basis are not sufficiently defined to present it as a validated single inherited disorder.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Old English Sheepdog

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Neuroaxonal dystrophy — PLA2G6-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited neurodegenerative disorder causing progressive ataxia, weakness and other neurologic deficits; the molecular cause is breed specific.
How it occurs or is acquired
A breed-related variant or DNA test is documented in current canine genetic references. Identification alone does not establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Papillon

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Progressive retinal atrophy — CNGB1-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Autosomal recessive progressive retinal atrophy caused by a CNGB1 variant documented in Papillons.
How it occurs or is acquired
A breed-related variant or DNA test is documented in current canine genetic references. Identification alone does not establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Papillon

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Primary open-angle glaucoma — PBGV type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific or parent-club guidance recommends this DNA test or targeted genetic screening.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen

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Mucopolysaccharidosis I — Plott Hound type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A breed-related variant or DNA test is documented in current canine genetic references. Identification alone does not establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Plott Hound

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Neonatal encephalopathy with seizures — ATF2-associated

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: LP/P. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Standard variety

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001471-9615 — Neonatal encephalopathy with seizures, ATF2-related

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Multidrug resistance 1 — ABCB1-associated drug sensitivity

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal incomplete dominant. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
The detected variant may identify an at-risk genotype only in breeds and lineages for which it has been validated. The laboratory classification, zygosity, penetrance and clinical phenotype must be reviewed.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Standard variety

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001402-9615 — Multidrug resistance 1, ABCB1-related

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Osteochondrodysplasia — Poodle type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A breed-related variant or DNA test is documented in current canine genetic references. Identification alone does not establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Poodle — Standard variety

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Microphthalmia syndrome — DNAJC21-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital syndrome in Portuguese Water Dogs characterized by microphthalmia with hematopoietic and developmental abnormalities.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific or parent-club guidance recommends this DNA test or targeted genetic screening.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Portuguese Water Dog

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Pug Dog Encephalitis / necrotizing meningoencephalitis risk test

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Breed-associated necrotizing inflammatory brain disease of Pugs; a risk haplotype can modify susceptibility but is not a definitive diagnostic test.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current parent-club/OFA guidance identifies this as a breed screening priority; screening does not by itself establish a single-gene cause.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pug

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Necrotizing meningoencephalitis / Pug Dog Encephalitis risk haplotype

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Breed-associated necrotizing inflammatory brain disease of Pugs; a risk haplotype can modify susceptibility but is not a definitive diagnostic test.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current breed-specific or parent-club guidance recommends this DNA test or targeted genetic screening.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pug

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Pyruvate kinase deficiency — Pug type

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pug

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000844-9615 — Pyruvate kinase deficiency of erythrocyte

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May-Hegglin anomaly

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
The detected variant may identify an at-risk genotype only in breeds and lineages for which it has been validated. The laboratory classification, zygosity, penetrance and clinical phenotype must be reviewed.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Pug

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001608-9615 — May-Hegglin anomaly

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Ridge/dermoid sinus susceptibility locus — FGF region duplication

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital epithelial tract caused by abnormal neurulation; Rhodesian Ridgebacks have a strong breed-associated genetic susceptibility linked to the ridge locus.
How it occurs or is acquired
A breed-related variant or DNA test is documented in current canine genetic references. Identification alone does not establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Rhodesian Ridgeback

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Myotubular myopathy 1 — Rottweiler type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A breed-related variant or DNA test is documented in current canine genetic references. Identification alone does not establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Rottweiler

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Neuroaxonal dystrophy — Rottweiler type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited neurodegenerative disorder causing progressive ataxia, weakness and other neurologic deficits; the molecular cause is breed specific.
How it occurs or is acquired
A breed-related variant or DNA test is documented in current canine genetic references. Identification alone does not establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Rottweiler

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Nonsyndromic hearing loss — Rottweiler type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A breed-related variant or DNA test is documented in current canine genetic references. Identification alone does not establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Rottweiler

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Progressive retinal atrophy screening

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current parent-club/OFA guidance identifies this as a breed screening priority; screening does not by itself establish a single-gene cause.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Russian Tsvetnaya Bolonka

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Polyneuropathy — Leonberger type 1

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited or familial peripheral nerve disorder causing weakness, gait abnormalities and sometimes laryngeal dysfunction.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or DNA test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. This does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Saint Bernard

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Progressive retinal atrophy — X-linked 1 (XLPRA1)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited retinal degeneration with breed-specific molecular causes and variable age of onset.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current AKC breed-specific guidance recommends this test or lists it as a primary breed-relevant DNA test.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Samoyed

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Retinal dysplasia / oculoskeletal dysplasia 2

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current AKC breed-specific guidance recommends this test or lists it as a primary breed-relevant DNA test.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Samoyed

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Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB — NAGLU-associated

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Autosomal recessive NAGLU-associated lysosomal storage disease causing progressive neurologic dysfunction.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current AKC breed-specific guidance lists this as an optional breed-relevant DNA test.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Schipperke

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Progressive retinal atrophy — Shetland Sheepdog type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited retinal degeneration with breed-specific molecular causes and variable age of onset.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or DNA test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. This does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Shetland Sheepdog

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Progressive retinal atrophy — X-linked 1 (Husky type)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited retinal degeneration with breed-specific molecular causes and variable age of onset.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or DNA test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. This does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Siberian Husky

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Progressive retinal atrophy — rcd1a (Sloughi type)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited retinal degeneration with breed-specific molecular causes and variable age of onset.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current AKC breed-specific guidance recommends this test or lists it as a primary breed-relevant DNA test.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Sloughi

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Renal protein loss screening

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current parent-club/OFA guidance identifies this as a breed screening priority; screening does not necessarily imply a single-gene cause.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier

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Protein-losing nephropathy

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Familial glomerular disease causing pathologic urinary protein loss; associated risk variants/haplotypes are recognized in Soft-Coated Wheaten Terriers.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001326-9615 — Protein-losing nephropathy

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Protein-losing nephropathy risk haplotype / variants

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Familial glomerular disease causing pathologic urinary protein loss; associated risk variants/haplotypes are recognized in Soft-Coated Wheaten Terriers.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current AKC breed-specific guidance recommends this test or lists it as a primary breed-relevant DNA test.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier

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Microphthalmia — Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or DNA test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. This does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier

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Neuroaxonal dystrophy — Spanish Water Dog type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or DNA test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. This does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Spanish Water Dog

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Progressive retinal atrophy — early-onset Spanish Water Dog type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited retinal degeneration with breed-specific molecular causes and variable age of onset.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or DNA test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. This does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Spanish Water Dog

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Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Sussex Spaniel

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001406-9615 — Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency

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Progressive retinal atrophy — PRA3

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited retinal degeneration with breed-specific molecular causes and variable age of onset.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current AKC breed-specific guidance lists this as an optional breed-relevant DNA test.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Tibetan Spaniel, Tibetan Terrier

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Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis — Tibetan Terrier type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Condition with a current breed association or breed-relevant genetic test in authoritative canine health references.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current AKC breed-specific guidance recommends this test or lists it as a primary breed-relevant DNA test.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Tibetan Terrier

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Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV)

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital persistence of embryonic vitreous and hyaloid vascular tissue, which can cause cataract, retinal traction or visual impairment.
How it occurs or is acquired
This label remains in the original breed inventory, but the listing alone does not show whether the condition is inherited, congenital, acquired, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Staffordshire Bull Terrier

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Oxalate nephropathy

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Renal tubular injury associated with calcium oxalate deposition, potentially resulting from metabolic, toxic or other causes.
How it occurs or is acquired
This label remains in the original breed inventory, but the listing alone does not show whether the condition is inherited, congenital, acquired, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Tibetan Spaniel

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Myostatin deficiency — Whippet type

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
MSTN-related increase in muscle mass; homozygous Whippets can develop a markedly muscular phenotype, while heterozygosity may affect performance.
How it occurs or is acquired
A disease-related variant or test is listed by AKC as identified in the breed. Identification does not by itself establish high prevalence, complete penetrance, or universal clinical utility.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Whippet

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Portosystemic vascular anomalies

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital or acquired vascular communication allowing portal blood to bypass hepatic circulation.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature and/or breed-health guidance supports a meaningful breed association; the mechanism may be genetic, polygenic, conformational, developmental, immune-mediated, or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Yorkshire Terrier

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Protein-losing enteropathy / intestinal lymphangiectasia

Evidence status: Historical attribution—inheritance not yet independently established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Intestinal lymphatic dilation that can cause protein-losing enteropathy, weight loss and chronic gastrointestinal signs.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current veterinary literature and/or breed-health guidance supports a meaningful breed association; the mechanism may be genetic, polygenic, conformational, developmental, immune-mediated, or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No positive DNA-test meaning should be inferred from this listing. A test result is clinically meaningful only when the exact variant has been validated for the dog’s breed or ancestry.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Yorkshire Terrier

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Omphalocele

Evidence status: Current OMIA canine phenotype matched; single-gene causation not established

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital midline abdominal-wall defect at the umbilicus in which herniated organs remain covered by a membrane.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as not established as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Unknown/not established. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
No causal-variant interpretation should be inferred from this entry. Phenotypic examination, family history, or other clinical testing may be the appropriate screen.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Reference source: Estevam et al. 2024 — The most common congenital malformations in dogs

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000741-9615 — Omphalocele

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Rectal atresia / segmental rectal aplasia

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital interruption or blind-ending of the rectum before it reaches the anus.
How it occurs or is acquired
This label remains in the original breed inventory, but the listing alone does not show whether the condition is inherited, congenital, acquired, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Reference source: Merck Veterinary Manual — Congenital Intestinal Anomalies

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Pectus carinatum

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital ventral protrusion of the sternum ('pigeon chest').
How it occurs or is acquired
This label remains in the original breed inventory, but the listing alone does not show whether the condition is inherited, congenital, acquired, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Reference source: Merck Veterinary Manual — Congenital Musculoskeletal Anomalies

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Pectus excavatum

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital dorsal deviation of the sternum producing a narrowed or flattened ventral thorax.
How it occurs or is acquired
This label remains in the original breed inventory, but the listing alone does not show whether the condition is inherited, congenital, acquired, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Reference source: Merck Veterinary Manual — Congenital Musculoskeletal Anomalies

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Polydactyly

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Presence of one or more supernumerary digits.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal dominant. OMIA variant classifications recorded: Not currently evaluated. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated dominant test, one disease-associated copy may be sufficient to confer risk. Age of onset, penetrance and variable expression determine whether and how severely disease develops.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Reference source: Merck Veterinary Manual — Congenital Musculoskeletal Anomalies

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 000810-9615 — Polydactyly

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Porencephaly

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital fluid-filled cavities within cerebral tissue resulting from abnormal development or prenatal tissue destruction.
How it occurs or is acquired
This label remains in the original breed inventory, but the listing alone does not show whether the condition is inherited, congenital, acquired, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Reference source: Merck Veterinary Manual — Overview of Congenital and Inherited Anomalies

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Optic nerve coloboma

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital excavation or defect of the optic nerve caused by abnormal ocular development.
How it occurs or is acquired
This label remains in the original breed inventory, but the listing alone does not show whether the condition is inherited, congenital, acquired, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Reference source: Merck Veterinary Manual — Ocular Fundus / Congenital Retinal Disorders

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Polycystic kidney disease / congenital renal cystic disease

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Development of multiple renal cysts that can impair renal function depending on extent and associated disease.
How it occurs or is acquired
This label remains in the original breed inventory, but the listing alone does not show whether the condition is inherited, congenital, acquired, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Reference source: Merck Veterinary Manual — Congenital Urinary Disorders of Dogs

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Renal agenesis / aplasia

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Failure of one or both kidneys to develop.
How it occurs or is acquired
This label remains in the original breed inventory, but the listing alone does not show whether the condition is inherited, congenital, acquired, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Reference source: Merck Veterinary Manual — Congenital Urinary Disorders of Dogs

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Rectovaginal fistula

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Congenital abnormal connection between the rectum and vagina, often occurring with imperforate anus.
How it occurs or is acquired
This label remains in the original breed inventory, but the listing alone does not show whether the condition is inherited, congenital, acquired, conformational or multifactorial.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breed scope: No breed-specific claim is made in this glossary entry.

Reference source: Merck Veterinary Manual — Congenital Intestinal Anomalies

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Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 8 — CLN8-related

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Progressive lysosomal storage neurodegeneration causing neurologic deterioration.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA documents an inherited Alpine Dachsbracke NCL8 caused by a homozygous deletion encompassing CLN8.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Alpine Drachsbracke

Breed-evidence source: OMIA — NCL8 in Alpine Dachsbracke

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NIPAL4-related ichthyosis — American Bulldog type

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis causing generalized scaling and abnormal cornification.
How it occurs or is acquired
A breed-associated NIPAL4 deletion is established in American Bulldogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: American Bulldog

Breed-evidence source: AKC Breed-Specific DNA Testing Recommendations

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Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 10 — CTSD-related

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited lysosomal storage disease causing progressive neurologic dysfunction.
How it occurs or is acquired
Current AKC breed-specific DNA guidance lists NCL10 for American Bulldogs.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: American Bulldog

Breed-evidence source: AKC Breed-Specific DNA Testing Recommendations

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NIPAL4-related congenital ichthyosis

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Autosomal recessive cornification disorder causing generalized scaling from a young age.
How it occurs or is acquired
A peer-reviewed report identified homozygosity for the American Bulldog NIPAL4 deletion in an affected pedigreed American Bully. This supports a genuine genetic disorder in the breed but does not establish breed-wide prevalence.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: American Bully

Breed-evidence source: PubMed PMID 30741495 — NIPAL4 ichthyosis in an American Bully

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Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 12

Evidence status: Current OMIA phenotype/variant record matched

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited lysosomal storage neurodegeneration associated with ATP13A2 in characterized canine forms.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA classifies this canine phenotype as a single-locus trait. A matching phenotype record does not automatically validate every breed attribution on this page.
Inheritance and risk
Autosomal recessive. OMIA variant classifications recorded: LP/P, P. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
For a validated autosomal-recessive test, one copy usually identifies a carrier and two disease-associated copies identify an at-risk genotype. The result still requires breed-specific validation, penetrance information and correlation with the dog’s clinical findings.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog

Breed-evidence source: AKC Breed-Specific DNA Testing Recommendations

Current curated genetic record: OMIA 001552-9615 — Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, 12

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Primary open-angle glaucoma — ADAMTS17-related Basset Fauve type

Evidence status: Direct source retained; causal and breed interpretation remains source-specific

What it is and how it can affect the dog
Inherited primary glaucoma causing progressive elevation of intraocular pressure and risk of vision loss.
How it occurs or is acquired
OMIA documents the Basset Fauve de Bretagne ADAMTS17 c.1552G>A variant as likely pathogenic/pathogenic for primary open-angle glaucoma.
Inheritance and risk
Not established from the historical breed listing. A breed association indicates increased susceptibility, not certainty that an individual dog will develop the condition.
What a positive genetic test means
If a DNA test is cited, its result applies only to the named variant and validated breed or study population. It does not diagnose unrelated causes of a similar clinical condition.

Breeds currently linked in the reviewed index: Basset Fauve de Bretagne

Breed-evidence source: OMIA — ADAMTS17-related primary open-angle glaucoma

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